Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England

Regional variation of pronunciation in the south-west of England

one form /рej/ functioning as a plural pronoun? At first sight, this would

seem improbable, given that there is a plural adjective form /рejz/ and

that the 'this':'that' opposition is maintained elsewhere in the system.

However, all attempts to elicit such a form failed, and there is at least

one spontaneous utterance where, if a form /рejz/ did exist as a pronoun,

it might be expected to appear:

There’s “thousands of acres out there would grow it better than they

in “here grow it.

Taking all these factors together, we tentatively suggest that the

opposition ‘this’:’that’ is neutralized in this position, even though this

seems rather unlikely, given the adjectival system.

But there is another point. It is in fact difficult to identify

occurrences of /рej/ as demonstratives with any certainty, because the form

is identical with that of the personal pronoun /рej/ (Standard English

‘they’ or ‘them’).

We may observe at this point that in the dialect, the third plural

personal pronoun forms are /рej/ and /?m/. The first form is used in all

stressed positions and as unstressed subject except in inverted Q-forms;

the second is used as the unstressed non-subject, and as the unstressed

subject in inverted Q-forms. Thus we find:

/рej/

“I had to show the pony but “they winned the cups.

I could chuck “they about.

That’s up to “they, they know what they’m a”bout of.

They’d take ‘em back of your “door for half-a-crown.

/?m/

They expect to have a “name to the house, “don’t ‘em?

Where do ‘em get the “tools to?

That was as far as “ever they paid ‘em.

I stayed there “long with ‘em for more than a “year.

When considering /рej/, we find a series of utterances such as the

following in which a division between personal and demonstrative pronouns

would be largely arbitrary.

I could “throw ‘em. chuck “they about.

“They in “towns, they go to concerts,

Us finished up with “they in ...

They do seven acres a “day, now, with “they.

There is “they that take an “interest in it.

I could cut in so straight (as) some of “they that “never do it.

Although, following the system of Standard English, we have so far

differentiated between /рej/ as a stressed personal pronoun and /рej/ as a

demonstrative pronoun, it is clearly more economical, in terms of the

dialectal material, to consider the two functions as coalescing within one

system: STRESSED /рej/; UNSTRESSED /?m/. This system would operate in all

positions where Standard English would show either a third person plural

personal pronoun, or a plural demonstrative pronoun. Similarly, there is a

dialectal system STRESSED /рat/ UNSTRESSED /it/ in the third person

singular, where the referent is abstract or non-specific, in that /рat/

never occurs unstressed nor /it/ stressed. Thus in contrast to the last

example above, we find:

I seed some of ‘em that never walked a “mile in their “lives,

where the form /?m/ is unstressed. (Such unstressed examples are much rarer

than stressed examples in positions where Standard English would show a

demonstrative pronoun simply because ‘those’ is normally stressed in

Standard English.)

We should note finally, however, that this analysis of the material

does not in any way explain the absence of a plural pronoun /рejz/, any

more than the linking of /рat/ with /it/ precludes the existence of a

singular demonstrative pronoun /рi:z/. The non-existence of /рejz/ as a

pronoun seems best considered as an accidental gap in the corpus.” (№18,

p.20 )

3.6 Verbs.

- In the south-western dialects in the singular and in the plural in

Present Indefinite the ending ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ is used, if the Subject

is expressed as

a noun.

e.g. Boys as wants more mun ask.

The other ehaps works hard.

- In Devonshire ‘-th’ [р] is added to verbs in the plural in Present

Indefinite.

- The form ‘am’ (’m) of the verb ‘to be’ is used after the personal

pronouns:

e.g. We (wem = we are) (Somersetshire)

you, they

- After the words ‘if’, ‘when’, ‘until’, ‘after’ Future Indefinite

sometimes used.

- The Perfect form in affirmative sentences, in which the Subject is

expressed as a personal pronoun, is usually built without the

auxiliary verb ‘have’:

e.g. We done it.

I seen him.

They been and taken it.

- The negation in the south-western dialects is expressed with the

adding of the negative particle ‘not’ in the form ‘-na’ to the

verb.

e.g. comesna (comes not)

winna (= will not)

sanna (= shall not)

canna (= cannot)

maunna (= must not)

sudna (= should not)

dinna (= do not)

binna (= be not)

haena (= have not)

daurna (= dare not)

- It is typical to the south-western dialects to use too many

nigotiations in the same phrase:

e.g. I yin’t seen nobody nowheres.

I don’t want to have nothing at all to say to you.

I didn’t mean no harm.

Ye’ll better jist nae detain me nae langer.

- The negative and interrogative forms of the modal verbs are built

with the help of the auxiliary verb ‘do’.

e.g. He did not ought to do it.

You do not ought to hear it.

- Some verbs which are regular in the Standard language become

irregular in the south-western dialects:

e.g. dive - dave, help - holp

- Sometimes the ending ‘-ed’ is added to some irregular verbs in the

Past Simple:

e.g. bear - borned, begin - begunned, break - broked, climb - clombed,

dig - dugged, dive - doved, drive - droved, fall - felled, find

-

funded, fly - flewed, give - gaved, grip - grapped, hang -

hunged,

help - holped, hold - helded, know - knewed, rise - rosed, see -

sawed, shake - shooked, shear - shored, sing - sunged, sink -

sunked, spin - spunned, spring - sprunged, steal - stoled,

strive -

stroved, swear - swored, swim - swammed, take - tooked, tear -

tored, wear - wored, weave - woved, write - wroted.

- But some irregular verbs in the Past Simple Tense are used as

regular:

e.g. begin - beginned (Western Som., Dev.)

bite - bited (W. Som.)

blow - blowed (Dev.)

drink - drinked (W. Som.)

drive - drived (Dev.)

fall - falled (W. Som., Dev.)

fight - fighted (W. Som.)

fall - falled (Som., Dev.)

go - gade (Dev.)

grow - growed (W. Som.)

hang - hanged (W. Som.)

lose - losed (W. Som., Dev.)

ring - ringed (W. Som.)

speak - speaked (Som.)

spring - springed (W. Som., Dev.)

- Many verbs form the Past Participle with the help of the ending ‘-n’.

e.g. call - callen

catch - catchen

come - comen

- In some cases in the Past Participle a vowel in the root is

changed, and the suffix is not added.

e.g. catch - [k t?]

hit - [a:t]

lead - [la:d]

- In the south-western dialects intransitive verbs have the ending ‘-

y’ [?].

- In Western Somersetshire before the infinitive in the function of

the adverbial modifier of purpose ‘for’ is used:

e.g. Hast gotten a bit for mend it with? (= Have you got anything to

mend it with?)

3.7 Adverbs.

- In the south-western dialects an adjective is used instead of the

adverb.

e.g. You might easy fall.

- To build the comparative degree ‘far’ is used instead of ‘further’;

‘laster’ instead of ‘more lately’.

- The suparative degree: ‘farest’; ‘lastest’; ‘likerest’; ‘rathest’.

a) The adverbs of place:

abeigh [?b?x] - ‘at some distance’

abune, aboon - ‘above’

ablow - ‘under’

ben, benn - ‘inside’

outbye [utba?] - ‘outside’

aboot - ‘around’

hine, hine awa - ‘far’

ewest - ‘near’

b) The adverbs of the mode of action:

hoo, foo - ‘how’

weel - ‘great’

richt - ‘right’

ither - ‘yet’

sae - ‘so’

c) The adverbs of degree:

much

e.g. How are you today? - Not much, thank you.

‘much’ is also used in the meaning of ‘wonderfully’

e.g. It is much you boys can’t let alone they there ducks.

It was much he hadn’t a been a killed.

rising

‘rising’ is often used in the meaning of ‘nearly’

e.g. How old is the boy? - He’s rising five.

- ‘fell’, ‘unco’, ‘gey’, ‘huge’, ‘fu’, ‘rael’ are used in the meaning of

‘very’.

- ower, owre [aur] - ‘too’

- maist - ‘nearly’

- clean - ‘at all’

- that - ‘so’

- feckly - ‘in many cases’

- freely - ‘fully’

- naarhan, nighhan - ‘nearly’

- han, fair - ‘at all’

d) Adverbs of time:

whan, fan - ‘when’

belive, belyve - ‘now’

yinst - ‘at once’

neist - ‘then’

fernyear - ‘last year’

afore (= before)

e.g. Us can wait avore you be ready, sir.

next - ‘in some time’

e.g. next day = the day after tomorrow

while = till, if

e.g. You’ll never make any progress while you listen to me.

You have to wait while Saturday.

3.8 Transitivity and intransivity in the dialects of South-West

England.

One of the most important aspects of studying south-western English is

dialect syntax. So, the article by Jean-Marc Gachelin can give us much

information about transitivity and intransitivity in the dialects of South-

West England.

“Wakelin has pointed out that ‘syntax is an unwieldy subject which

dialectologists have fought shy of’. This brushing aside of dialect syntax

is regrettable because the study of grammatical variation can shed light on

the workings of any language, and thereby enrich general linguistics. The

present chapter deals with an area of dialect syntax - transitivity in

south-west of England dialects - and attempts to characterize and explain,

synchronically and diachronically, its salient features.

We prefer the moderation of Kilby, who simply admits that the notion

of direct object (DO) ‘is not at all transparent in its usage’. The

problem, therefore, should be not so much to discard but rather to improve

our notions of transitivity and intransitivity. In this regard, the

dialects of South-west England are important and interesting.

1. A description of transitivity and intransitivity in the dialects of

South-west England.

When compared with the corresponding standard language, any

geographical variety may be characterized by three possibilities:

(a) identity; (b) archaism (due to slower evolution); and (c)

innovation. Interestingly enough, it is not uncommon in syntax for (b) and

(c) to combine if a given dialect draws extensively on a secondary aspect

of an older usage. This is true of two features which are highly

characteristic of the South-west and completely absent in contemporary

Standard English.

1.1 Infinitive + y

One of these characteristics is mentioned by Wakelin, the optional

addition of the -y ending to the infinitive of any real intransitive verb

or any transitive verb not followed by a DO, namely object-deleting verbs

(ODVs) and ergatives. The use of this ending is not highlighted in the

Survey of English Dialects (SED, Orton and Wakelin). It is only indirectly,

when reading about relative pronouns, that we come upon There iddn (=

isn’t) many (who) can sheary now, recorded in Devon (Orton and Wakelin).

However, Widen gives the following examples heard in Dorset: farmy,

flickery, hoopy (‘to call’), hidy, milky, panky (‘to pant’), rooty (talking

of a pig), whiny. Three of these verbs are strictly intransitive (ftickery,

panky, whiny), the others being ODVs. Wright also mentions this

characteristic, chiefly in connection with Devon, Somerset and Dorset.

In the last century, Barnes made use of the -y ending in his Dorset

poems, both when the infinitive appears after to:

reдky = ‘rake’

skimmy

drashy = ‘thresh’

reely

and after a modal (as in the example from the SED):

Mid (= may) happy housen smoky round/The church.

The cat veil zick an’ woulden mousy.

But infin.+y can also be found after do (auxiliary), which in South-

west dialects is more than a more ‘signal of verbality’, serving as a tense-

marker as well as a person-marker (do everywhere except for dost, 2nd pers.

sing.). Instead of being emphatic, this do can express the progressive

aspect or more often the durative-habitual (= imperfective) aspect, exactly

like the imperfect of Romance languages. Here are a few examples culled

from Barnes’s poems:

Our merry sheдpes did jumpy.

When I do pitchy, ‘tis my pride (meaning of the verb, cf pitch-fork).

How gaя the paths be where we do strolly.

Besides ODVs and intransitive verbs, there is also an ergative:

doors did slammy.

In the imperative, infin. -y only appears with a negative:

don’t sobby!

The optional use of the -y ending is an advantage in dialect poetry

for metre or rhyme:

Vor thine wull peck, an’ mine wull grubby (rhyming with snubby)

And this ending probably accounts for a phonetic peculiarity of South-west

dialects, namely the apocope of to arguy (the former dialect pronunciation

of to argue), to carry and to empty, reduced to to arg, to car and to empt.

In the grammatical part of his Glossary of the Dorset Dialect, Barnes

insists on the aspectual connection between do and infin.+y:

“Belonging to this use of the free infinitive y-ended verbs, is

another kindred one, the showing of a repetition or habit of doing as ‘How

the dog do jumpy’, i-e keep jumping. ‘The child do like to whippy’, amuse

himself with whipping. ‘Idle chap, he’ll do nothen but vishy, (spend his

time in fishing), if you do leвve en alwone’. ‘He do markety’, he usually

attends market.”

Barnes also quotes a work by Jennings in which this South-west feature

was also described:

“Another peculiarity is that of attaching to many of the common verbs

in the infinitive mode as well as to some other parts of different

conjugations, the letter -y. Thus it is very common to say ‘I can’t sewy’,

I can’t nursy’, ‘he can’t reapy’, ‘he can’t sawy’, as well as ‘to sewy, to

nursy, to reapy, to sawy’, etc; but never, I think, without an auxiliary

verb, or the sign of the infinitive to.”

Barnes claimed, too, that the collocation of infin. +y and the DO was

unthinkable: ‘We may say, “Can ye zewy?” but never “Wull ye zewy up theдse

zкam?” “Wull ye zew up theдse zкam” would be good Dorset.”

Elworthy also mentions the opposition heard in Somerset between I do

dig the garden and Every day, I do diggy for three hours (quoted by

Jespersen and by Rogers). Concerning the so-called ‘free infinitive’,

Wiltshire-born Rogers comments that ‘it is little heard now, but was common

in the last century’, which tallies with the lack of examples in the SED.

(This point is also confirmed by Itialainen) Rogers is quite surprised to

read of a science-fiction play (BBC, 15 March 1978) entitled ‘Stargazy in

Zummerland’, describing a future world in which the population was divided

between industrial and agricultural workers, the latter probably using some

form of south-western speech, following a time-honoured stage tradition

already perceptible in King Lear (disguised as a rustic, Edgar speaks broad

Somerset).

To sum up, after to, do (auxiliary), or a modal, the formula of the

‘free infinitive’ is

intr. V > infin. + -y/0

where ‘intr.’ implies genuine intransitives, ODVs and even ergatives. As a

dialect-marker, -y is now on the wane, being gradually replaced by 0 due to

contact with Standard English.

1.2 Of + DO

The other typical feature of south-western dialects is not mentioned

by Wakelin, although it stands out much more clearly in the SED data. This

is the optional use of o’/ov (occasionally on) between a transitive verb

and its DO. Here are some of the many examples. Stripping the feathers off

a dead chicken (Orton and Wakelin) is called:

pickin/pluckin ov it (Brk-loc. 3);

trippin o’ en (= it) (D-loc. 6);

pickin o’ en (Do-loc. 3);

pluckin(g) on en - (W-loc. 9; Sx-loc. 2).

Catching fish, especially trout, with one’s hand (Orton and Wakelin)

is called:

ticklin o’/ov em (= them) (So-loc. 13; W-loc. 2, 8; D-loc. 2, 7, 8; Do-

loc. 2-5; Ha-loc. 4);

gropin o’/ov em (D-loc. 4, 6);

ticklin on em (W-loc. 3, 4; Ha-loc. 6; Sx-loc. 3);

tickle o’ em (Do-loc. l) (note the absence of -in(g)).

The confusion between of and on is frequent in dialects, but although

on may occur where of is expected, the reverse is impossible. The

occasional use of on instead of of is therefore unimportant. What really

matters is the occurrence of of, o’ or ov between a transitive verb and the

DO. The presence of the -in(g) ending should also attract our attention: it

occurs in all the examples except tickle o’ em, which is exceptional since,

when the SED informants used an infinitive in their answers, their syntax

was usually identical with that of Standard English, ie without of

occurring before the DO: glad to see you, (he wants to) hide it (Orton and

Wakelin).

Following Jespersen, Lyons makes a distinction between real

transitives (/ hit you: action > goal) and verbs which are only

syntactically transitives (/ hear you: goal < action).="" it="" is="" a="" pity="">

the way informants were asked questions for the SED (‘What do we do with

them? - Our eyes/ears’) does not enable us to treat the transitive verbs

see Orton and Wakelin and hear (Orton and Wakelin) other than as ODVs.

The use of of as an operator between a transitive verb and its DO was

strangely enough never described by Barnes, and is casually dismissed as an

‘otiose of’ by the authors of the SED, even though nothing can really be

‘otiose’ in any language system. Rogers points out that ‘Much more widely

found formerly, it is now confined to sentences where the pronouns en, it

and em are the objects.’ This is obvious in the SED materials, as,

incidentally, it is in these lines by Barnes:

To work all day a-meдken haя/Or pitchen o’t.

Nevertheless, even if his usage is in conformity with present syntax,

it is important to add that, when Barnes was alive, o/ov could precede any

DO (a-meдken ov haя would equally have been possible). What should also be

noted in his poetry is the extremely rare occurrence of o’/ov after a

transitive verb with no -en (= -ing) ending, which, as we just saw, is

still very rare in modern speech:

Zoo I don’t mind o’ leдven it to-morrow.

Zoo I don’t mind o’ leдven o’t to-morrow.

The second line shows a twofold occurrence of o’ after two transitive

verbs, one with and one without -en.

This -en ending can be a marker of a verbal noun, a gerund or a

present participle (as part of a progressive aspect form or on its own),

and o’ may follow in each case.

VERBAL NOUN

My own a-decken ov my own (‘my own way of dressing my darling’).

This is the same usage as in Standard English he doesn’t like my

driving of his car.

GERUND

That wer vor hetten o’n (‘that was for hitting him’).

. . . little chance/O’ catchen o’n.

I be never the better vor zee-en o’ you.

The addition of o’ to a gerund is optional: Vor grinden any corn vor

bread is similar to Standard English.

PROGRESSIVE ASPECT

As I wer readen ov a stwone (about a headstone).

Rogers gives two examples of the progressive aspect:

I be stackin’ on ‘em up.

I were a-peeling of the potatoes (with a different spelling).

PRESENT PARTICIPLE ON ITS OWN

To vind me stannen in the cwold, / A-keepen up o’ Chris’mas.

After any present participle, the use of o’ is also optional:

Where vo’k be out a-meдken haя.

The general formula is thus:

trans. V > V + o’/0

which can also be read as

MV (main verb) > trans. V + o’/0 + DO.

Here, o’ stands for o’ (the most common form), ov and even on. In modem

usage, the DO, which could be a noun or noun phrase in Barnes’s day and

age, appears from the SED materials to be restricted to personal pronouns.

For modern dialects, the formula thus reads:

MV > trans. V + o’/0 + pers. pron.

The o’ is here a transitivity operator which, exactly like an

accusative ending in a language with case declensions, disappears in the

passive. Consequently, the phenomenon under discussion here has to be

distinguished from that of prepositional verbs, which require the retention

of the preposition in the passive:

We have thought of all the possible snags. >

All the possible snags have been thought of.

The use of o’ as a transitivity operator in active declaratives is also

optional, which represents another basic difference from prepositional

verbs.

Exactly the same opposition, interestingly enough, applies in south-

western dialects also:

[1] He is (a-) eдten o’ ceдkes > What is he (a-) eдten?

[2] He is (a-) dreдmen o’ceдkes > What is he (a-) dreдmen ov?

What remains a preposition in [1] and [2] works as the link between a

transitive verb and its DO. The compulsory deletion of the operator o’ in

questions relating to the DO demonstrates the importance here of the word

order (V + o’ + DO), as does also the similar triggering of deletion by

passives.

Though now used in a more restricted way, ie before personal pronouns

only, this syntactic feature is better preserved in the modern dialects

than the

-y ending of intransitive verbs, but, in so far as it is only optional, it

is easy to detect the growing influence of Standard English.

2. Diachrony as an explanation of these features.

Although the above description has not been purely synchronic, since

it cites differences in usage between the nineteenth and twentieth

centuries, it is actually only by looking back at even earlier stages of

the language that we can gain any clear insights into why the dialects have

developed in this way.

Both Widen and Wakelin remind us that the originally strictly

morphological -y ending has since developed into a syntactic feature. It is

a survival of the Middle English infinitive ending -ie(n), traceable to the

-ian suffix of the second class of Old English weak verbs (OE milcian > ME

milkie(n) > south-west dial. milky). Subsequently, -y has been analogically

extended to other types of verbs in south-west dialects under certain

syntactic conditions: in the absence of any DO, through sheer impossibility

(intransitive verb) or due to the speaker’s choice (ODV or ergative). The

only survival of medieval usage is the impossibility of a verb form like

milky being anything other than an infinitive. Note that this cannot be

labelled an archaism, since the standard language has never demonstrated

this particular syntactic specialization.

So far no explanation seems to have been advanced for the origin of

‘otiose of’, and yet it is fairly easy to resort to diachrony in order to

explain this syntactic feature. Let us start, however, with contemporary

Standard English:

[3] They sat, singing a shanty. (present participle on its own)

[4] They are singing a shanty. (progressive aspect)

[5] I like them/their singing a shanty. (gerund)

[6] I like their singing of a shanty. (verbal noun)

Here [5] and [6] are considered nominalizations from a synchronic point of

view. As far as [4] is concerned, Barnes reminds his readers that the OE

nominalization ic waes on hunlunge (‘I was in the process of hunting’, cf

Aelfric’s Colloquim: fui in. venatione) is the source of modern / was

hunting, via an older structure I was (a-) hunting which is preserved in

many dialects, the optional verbal prefix a- being what remains of the

preposition on.

The nominal nature of V-ing is still well established in the verbal

noun (with the use of of in particular), and it is here that the starting-

point of a chain reaction lies. Hybrid structures (verbal nouns/gerunds)

appeared as early as Middle English, as in

bi puttyng forth of whom so it were (1386 Petition of Mercers)

and similar gerunds followed by of were still a possibility in Elizabethan

English:

Rend not my heart for naming of my Christ (Marlowe, Doctor Faustus)

together with verbal nouns not followed by any of:

... as the putting him clean out of his humour (B. Jonson, Every Man

out of his Humour).

Having been extended from the verbal noun to the gerund, of also

eventually spread to the progressive aspect in the sixteenth and

seventeenth centuries, at a time when the V-ing + of sequence became very

widespread in Standard English:

Are you crossing of yourself? (Marlowe, Doctor Faustus).

He is hearing of a cause (Shakespeare, Measure for Measure).

She is taking of her last farewell (Bunyan, The Pilgim’s Progress).

However, what is definitely an archaism in Standard English has been

preserved in south-western dialects, which have gone even further and also

added an optional o’ to the present participle used on its own (ie other

than in the progressive aspect). Moreover, there is even a tendency, as we

have seen, to use o’ after a transitive verb without the -en (= -ing)

ending. This tendency, which remains slight, represents the ultimate point

of a chain reaction that can be portrayed as follows:

Use of o’ in the environment following:

(A) (B) (C)

(D)

verbal noun > gerund > be + V-ing > pres. part. > V

V-ing

(A) evolution from Middle English to the Renaissance;

(B) evolution typical of English in the sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries;

(C) evolution typical of south-western dialects;

(D) marginal tendency in south-western dialects.

The dialect usage is more than a mere syntactic archaism: not only

have the south-western dialects preserved stages (A) and (B); they are also

highly innovative in stages (C) and (D).” (№18, p.218)

4. Vocabulary.

Devonshire (Dev)

Somersetshire (Som)

Wiltshire (Wil)

Cornwall (Cor)

A

Abroad - adj растерянный, незнающий, как поступить; попавший впросак,

совершивший ошибку; разваренный, расплавленный (о пище): The potatoes are

abroad. The sugar is gone abroad.

Addle, Udall, Odal (Dev) - v зарабатывать, сберегать, откладывать,

экономить; (о растениях) расти, расцветать [gu. oрla, возвр. oрlask -

приобретать (имущество), oрal - имущество]

Ail (Wil, Dev) - n ость (колоса)

Aller (Dev) - n нарыв, карбункул; тяжелый ожог: Suke died acause her

aller wanted letting.

Answer (Som) - v выносить, переносить (те или иные условия,

определенные события); выжить: That there poplar ’ont never answer out of

doors, t’ll be a ratted in no time; ~ to: реагировать на что-либо,

поддаваться воздействию чего-либо: Clay land easily answers to bones.

Any (повсеместно) - adj, adv, pron: any bit like - хороший, сносный,

приличный (о здоровье, погоде, поведении): I’ll come and see thee tomorrow

if it’s only any-bit-like; any more than - только; если бы: He’s sure to

come any more than he might be a bit late. I should be sure to go to school

any more than I’ve not got a gownd to my back.

Attle (Cor) - n мусор, отбросы

B

Bach, Batch, Bage (Som) - n река, ручей; долина, через которую

протекает ручей; овраг; насыпь или холм, находящиеся вблизи реки

Bad (Wil) - n внешняя земная оболочка ореха

Badge (Wil) - v заниматься перепродажей зерна, овощей и фруктов

Balch (Dev, Cor) - n небольшая веревка, кушак

Bam (Cor) - n шутка, проделка, номер: It’s nowt but a bam.

(Wil, Som) - n портянка, грубая материя, оборачиваемая вокруг

ноги

Ban (Som) - v проклинать; ругаться

Bannock (Wil, Som, Dev) - n блин / лепешка из овсянной или ячменной

муки

Barge (Dev) - n боров; v ругать, оскорблять

Barney (Som) - n ссора, перебранка; чепуха; ошибка; плохо выполненная

работа, халтура

Barton (Wil, Dev, Som, Cor) - n крестьянский двор; подсобные помещения

в задней части крестьянского двора; крестьянский дом

Barvel (Cor) - n короткий кожаный передник, надеваемый при мытье

полов; кожаный передник рыбаков

Bate (Som, Dev) - n плохое настроение, раздраженное состояние; v

ссориться, ругаться

Beagle, Bogle (Dev) - n пугало; привидение; гротескно одетый человек,

«ряженый»

Beet, Boot (Cor) - v чинить, ремонтировать, помогать; удовлетворять

Besgan, Biscan, Vescan (Cor) - n кожаный напальчник; матерчатая

повязка

Big (Som, Cor) - adj дружественный, близкий: Smith and Brown are very

big; v строить; v (с up) утверждать, поддержать (в мнении); быть преданным,

верным (человеку или идее)

Bogzom (Dev) - adj ярко-красный; румяный: Ya ha made ma chucks bugzom.

Bribe (Wil) - v приставать, издеваться; ругать, «пилить»: She terrible

bribed I.

Brindled (Som) - ppl adj пестрый, полосатый

Bruick-boil (Dev) - v вянуть; становиться сухой (о погоде)

Bunt (Som, Dev, Cor) - n сито; v просеивать муку

(Wil) - n вязанка хвороста

Buss, boss (Wil, Dev, Cor) - n теленок

But (Som) - n пики (в картах)

(Cor) - v вывихнуть (сустав): I’ve butted my thumb.

C

Cab (Som, Dev, Cor) - n липкая масса, что-либо грязное, мокрое или

липкое (adj cabby); v воровать

Cad (Som) - n самые мелкие и молодые особи (поросят, телят и др.); pl

мелкий картофель; падаль, гнилое мясо

Call (Som) - v думать, считать

Cam (Cor) - n глинистый сланец; adj изогнутый; упрямый

Casar (Dev, Cor) - n сито; v просеивать

Caw (Dev) - v дышать с трудом; n дурак

Cawk (Som) - v пороть, бить

Chack (Dev, Cor) - adj ppl chackt, chacking - испытывающий жажду;

голодный

Cheap (Som) - adj фразеол. be cheap on - вполне заслуживающий чего-

либо

Chill (Dev, Som) - v немного подогреть (жидкость); chilled water -

теплая вода

Chilver (Wil, Som) - n ягненок

Chissom (Wil, Som, Dev) - n отросток, побег (растения); v давать

отростки, побеги

Chuck (Som, Dev) - n нижняя часть лица, шея, глотка

Clib (Dev, Cor) - v прилипать; увлажнять, смачивать

Clivan, Clevant, Callyvan, Vant (Som) - n ловушка для птиц: You be

like a wren in a clivan.

Clock (Som) - n жук

Coath (Som, Dev) - n болезнь печени у овец; v падать в обморок

Cob (Cor) - n плохо исполненная работа

Cold (Som, Dev, Wil, Cor) - to catch cold - попасть в беду; to cast

the cold of a thing - избавиться от последствий какого-либо зла или

несчастья; cold cheer - нужда; cold hand - хороший образец культуры пшеницы

или ячменя; cold lady - пудинг из муки и жира

Colley (Wil) - n сажа, грязь; свежее мясо

Colt (Wil) - n оползень; v оползать (о почве)

Cooch (Coochy) (Dev, Cor) - n левша; adj неуклюжий

Cook (Som) - v убить; притаиться, спрятаться

Coose (Dev, Cor) - v сплетничать; слоняться

Cotton (Som, Dev) - v бить, пороть

Cowerd (Wil, Som) - adj парной (о молоке)

Crib (Dev, Cor) - n еда; v воровать

Crowd (Som, Dev, Cor) - n скрипка

D

Dain (Wil) - adj имеющий плохой запах

Dare (Wil, Som, Dev) - v отпрянуть в ужасе, бояться; прятаться; пугать

Dawk (Wil, Som) - n дыра; v протыкать; моросить (о дожде); adj

беспомощный; v небрежно и неопрятно одеваться

Denshire (Wil, Dev) - v срезать дерн и сжигать его после просушки

Dey (Wil) - n женщина, занятая в молочном хозяйстве

Dool (Dev) - n пограничный столбик (на поле); ворота (в игре); гвоздь,

шип для скрепления половых досок; большой кусок; v ударять (плоской

поверхностью); (с off) отмечать, устанавливать границу, межу

Downy (Som) - adj хитрый, ловкий; в плохом настроении, подавленный

Drill (Dev) - v тратить время попусту; замедлять, задерживать;

заманить; заставить что-либо делать с помощью лести

Dupl (= do up) (Wil) - v открывать; закрывать, запирать; быстро идти

Dwall (Som, Dev) - v бредить, говорить бессвязно; n легкий сон

Dwam (Dev) - n обморок; приступ болезни

E

Ear (Wil, Som) - v пахать землю

Easse (Wil, Som) - n земляной червь

Elt, Hilt (Som, Dev) - n молодая свинья

Eve (Wil, Dev, Cor) - v потеть, выделять влагу; таять

Evil (Dev, Cor) - n вилы для навоза; вилы; v сгребать вилами

F

Fadge (Som, Dev, Cor) - v подходить, быть подходящим друг для друга:

They don’t fadge well together; соглашаться; преуспевать; делать работу кое-

как, спустя рукава; идти с трудом, медленно; n вид пирога; связка, сноп;

определенное количество чего-либо

Fady (Dev, Cor) - adj сырой

Fage (Som) - v льстить, подлизываться; обманывать

Fain (Dev) - v просить мира (в детских играх: Fain it! «Сдаюсь!»; adj

счачтливый, довольный; adv охотно; n (о мукй) плохого качества

Farewell (Wil, Som, Dev) - n привкус: The butter leaves a clammy

farewell in the mouth.

Favour (Dev) - v помогать, облегчать

Fawny (Dev) - n кольцо

Feat (Wil, Dev) - adj довольно большой (по размеру или количеству);

значительный; опрятный; красивый

Feer (Wil) - v пройти первую борозду при пахоте; n борозда

Fenny, Vinny (Wil) - adj покрытый плесенью

Fitten (Wil, Som) - n уловка, предлог; каприз, причуда

Flag (Wil, Dev) - n лист растения

Flaw (Dev, Cor) - n внезапный порыв ветра

Flawn, Flome (Dev) - n оладья, блин; деревенский праздник, на котором

подают блины; блюдо из взбитых яиц и молока

Fleck (Som) - n пятно; царапина на коже; дефект на одежде

Flue (Wil) - adj нежный, слабый, болезненный; худой; мелкий (о

сосуде); широкий, обширный

Fly (Som) - adj хитрый

Fogger (Wil) - n помощник; человек, ухаживающий за скотом, конюх

Framp (Som, Dev) - adj (в словосочетаниях: framp-shaken; framp-shapen)

искривленный, набекрень

Frape (Som, Dev, Cor) - v завязывать; ругать

Fur (Som, Dev, Cor) - v бросать, кидать; дергать за уши; перебиваться,

сводить концы с концами: I’ve nobbut a shillin’ to fur t’week on with.

Furcom, Fircom (Wil, Som) - n суть, существо, основа какого-либо дела;

pl все обстоятельства дела: I’ll tell ’ee all the fircoms on’t.

G

Gaff (Dev) - n крючок; дешевый театр; выступление на деревенской

ярмарке; хозяин, начальник

Gale (Som, Dev, Cor) - n периодическая плата за что-либо, рента

Glam (Dev) - n рана

Gout (Cor), Gutt - n капля; сгусток чего-либо; adj Gouty - сучковатый,

имеющий неровности

Graft (Cor, Dev, Som, Wil) - n овраг, углубление в земле; случайная

работа

Great (Dev) - adj большой по размеру: The glass is great enough. His

brother is great and strong; дружественный, в хороших отношениях: My

brother is very great with the lad; great folks - большие друзья; adv

очень: great foul, great likely, great mich, a great high wall; сдельная

работа: great-work; work by the great

H

Hackle (Wil) - n одежда; шерсть животных; оперение птиц; v хорошо

сидеть (об одежде)

Hag(g) (Som, Wil, Dev) - v подстрекать, провоцировать; дразнить; n

лес, роща; крутая скала

Halsen (Som, Dev, Cor) - v предсказывать; предрекать неприятности

Hange (Som, Dev, Cor) - n внутренности (печень, легкие, сердце) какого-

либо животного

Harl(e) (Som) - v тащить, тянуть; сгребать; медленно двигаться

Hathe (Som) - n плотная оболочка, покров; be in a hathe - быть

покрытым сыпью оспы или другой болезни

Hathern (Som) - n перила: I first catched a hold o’the hathern so I

jissy saved I.

Havage (Dev, Cor) - n происхождение, родословная

Hearst (Som, Dev) - n молодая самка оленя

Hile (Som) - n несколько стогов, сложенных вместе; v (о скоте) бодать;

препятствовать

Hint (Wil) - v собирать, складывать;

(Som) - v вянуть, сохнуть

Ho, Hoe, How (Som) - v скучать о ком-либо; заботиться, проявлять

внимание к кому-либо, ухаживать за кем-либо

Hocksy (Wil), тж. OXY - adj в виде жидкой, липкой грязи

Hog (Dev) - n куча (картофеля или других овощей), укрытая соломой и

землей от мороза и дождя; бурт

Hoggan (Cor) - n пирог со свининой (тж. Fuggan, Hobban); плод

шиповника

Holiday (Cor), Holliday - n место, оставленное нетронутым при стирании

пыли с чего-либо, при покраске

Hope (Som) - n впадина между холмами; долина, через которую протекает

ручей, но тж.: холм; бухта

Horry, Howery (Som, Dev) - adj грязный, отвратительный; заплесневелый

Hound (Som) - n pl выступы на нижней части мачты

Hovel, Hobble (Som) - v спасать корабль, попавший в беду; помогать

кораблю стать на якорь или выйти из гавани; n удача: He got a good hovel.

How (Dev) - n небольшой холмик

Hug (Som) - n чесотка; v подстрекать, заставлять (что-либо сделать)

Huss (Som) - v натравить собаку на кого-либо

I

Ignorant (Wil, Som) - adj невоспитанный: I thought it would look so

ignorant to stop you.

Inkle (Dev, Cor) - n шнурок из грубой пряжи (для закрепления фартука,

ботинок)

J

Jack (Cor, Dev, Som, Wil) - v оставить, бросить (работу), уйти

Jail (Cor) - v быстро идти

Jimmy (Som) - adj опрятный, аккуратный; проворный; хорошо сделанный

K

Keech (Wil, Som) - v затвердевать (о расплавленном жире, воске);

замерзать (о воде); n большой кусок (грязи, жира)

Keeve (Som, Dev, Cor) - n большой таз

Keffel (Som) - n лошадь (обычно старая); предмет низкого качества;

ленивый, глупый человек

Kemps (Som) - n короткие грубые ворсински или волоски на шерсти

Kern (Dev, Som, Cor) - v сворачиваться (о молоке); медленно вариться

Kibbit (Dev, Cor) - n чан, ведро

Kindle (Som) - v (о небольших животных, особенно кроликах) производить

потомство

L

Lag (Cor) - v обрызгать грязью

Lammock (Cor) - n негодяй

Lart (Som, Dev) - n пол (особенно в верхней комнате или на чердаке);

полка

Lashing (Dev, Cor) - n pl (тж. Lashings and Lavins) большое количество

чего-либо; adj большой, огромный

Law (Som, Dev) - n холм; насыпь; груда камней; v складывать в стога

Leap (Som) - n большая корзина

Lear (Dev, Som) - adj пустой

Let, Lat (Wil, Som, Cor) - v мешать, останавливать, не пускать;

перестать; n задержка, препятствие: without let or hindrance

Letch (Som, Dev) - n сильное желание; причуда

Letting - adj (о погоде) дождливый

Lewth (Wil, Som, Dev) - n убежище; место, защищенное от ветра

Lewze, Looze (Som, Dev) - n свиной хлев

Lich (Som, Dev) - n труп

Lidden (Som, Dev, Cor) - n песня; монотонный припев

Lide (Wil, Cor) - n месяц март

Lig, Liggan (Cor) - n вид водорослей; удобрение из водорослей или

сухих листьев

Linch (Dev, Cor) - v бить

Lissom (Wil, Som, Dev) - n тонкая полоска чего-либо; слой

Litten (Wil, Som) - n кладбище

Lock (Som, Dev, Cor) - n определенное количество чего-либо, обычно

небольшое

Lodden (Cor) - n лужа, небольшой пруд

Log (Dev, Cor) - v колебаться, качаться

Loker (Dev) - n рубанок

Lourve, Luffer, Loover (Som) - n дымоход, печная труба

Low (Dev) - n пламя; свет

M

Mang (Wil, Som, Dev) - v смешивать

Maskel (Som, Dev) - n зеленая гусеница; небольшое сморщенное яблоко

Masker (Dev) - v потерять сознание: He got maskered i’the snow-storm

o’the hill; лишаться рассудка; душить, задохнуться: He coughs sometimes

like as if he’d masker; гнить; ржаветь

Maxim (Som, Dev, Cor) - n выдумка, способ действия: I’ve tried every

sort o’ maxims wi’ un, but I can’t make-n grow; pl проказы, шутки; v

играть: I zeed min maximin’ about in the fiel’.

Magzard (Som, Dev, Cor) - n сорт мелкой черной вишни

Meech (Som, Dev) - v пробираться украдкой (about); пропустить занятия,

не явиться на работу; лодырничать; попрошайничать, собирать милостыню;

воровать

Meet (Dev) - adj должный, нужный, правильный

Ment (Som) - v быть похожим на кого-либо: He ment’s his father; n

сходство

Mickle (Wil) - adj, adv много

Mickled (Dev) - ppl: mickled with cold - окоченевший от холода;

задыхающийся, пересохший от жары (рот, глотка)

Mock (Som, Dev, Cor) - n пень дерева (с корнями), большая палка; adv

Mocking - попеременно, поочередно: I think, sir, that we had better put in

them plants mocking; v быть расположенным вперемешку: The black squares on

a chess-board mock each other.

Mog(g) (Som) - v обидеться; хандрить; отказываться от пищи

Mogue (Som) - v обманывать; насмехаться

Mole (Som) - n темя; затылок

Moot (Som, Dev, Cor) - n пень; v двигать, передвигать; намекать на что-

либо

Mop (Wil) - n ярмарка, на которой нанимались слуги и

сельскохозяйственные рабочие; увеселительное сборище

More (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n корень дерева или растения; побег;

растение, цветок, кустарник; v приживаться (о растении); выкорчевывать,

вырывать с корнем

Mort (Som, Dev, Cor) - n свиной жир, шпиг

Mugget (Som, Dev, Cor) - n складка на рубашке

Mungy (Cor) - adj (о погоде) душный и сырой; (о фруктах) перезрелый

Muryan (Cor) - n муравей

N

Nammet (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n завтрак (особенно в поле); еда

Naty (Dev, Cor) - adj (о мясе) мягкий, неволокнистый, разваристый

Neck (Som, Dev, Cor) - n последний стог хлеба в поле

Neive (Dev) - n кулак, сжатая рука

Nim (Som, Dev) - v схватить; стянуть, своровать

Nitch (Wil, Som, Dev) - n вязанка (сена, соломы, дров); семья; банда

Noil (Som) - n короткая шерсть, оставшаяся после стрижки; отходы

шерсти, шелка

Nool (Cor) - v бить; Nooling - n побои

Northering (Som, Dev) - ppl, adj несвязный (о речи); не в своем уме,

помешанный

Not (Som, Dev) - adj гладкий, в хорошем состоянии (о поле); Notted -

подстриженный

O

Oast, East (Dev) - n печь для сушки хмеля; сырная масса до ее удаления

из сыворотки

Oaze, Hose (N-W Dev) - n pl вывески

Oddy, Hoddy (Wil) - adj сильный, энергичный, живой

Old (Dev) - adj большой, сильный, обильный, великолепный: auld to do =

a great fass, auld wark - то же; old doing = great sport, great feasting,

an uncommon display of hospitality; a pratty old tap = a great speed;

умный, серьезный; талантливый (ребенок): He looked very old about it. The

child was little and old; хитрый, изворотливый: He’s too old for you. He

looked very old at me = he looked very knowingly (distrustfully, angrily,

askance) at me.

Ollet, Elet (Wil) - n сухие и гнилые ветки, используемые как топливо

Orch, Horch (Dev) - v бодать

Ore (Dev, Cor) - n морская водоросль; водоросль, выброшенная на берег

приливом

Orrel (Cor) - n высокое крыльцо, веранда

P

Paise (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - v взвешивать (особенно на руке); подымать

рычагом; взламывать

Pame (Som, Dev) - n фланелевая пеленка; одеяло, в которое заворачивают

ребенка перед крещением

Pancheon (Cor) - n большое глиняное ведро (особенно для молока)

Peach (Cor) - v заманивать (с away); Peacher - n приманка

Ped (Dev, Cor) - n кляча, лягушка

Pelf (Dev, Cor) - n мусор, отходы; мех, руно; деньги (вульг.)

Peller (Cor) - n колдун; знахарь

Pilch (Som, Cor) - n (треугольная) пеленка

Pind, Pindy (Som) - adj плесневый, несвежий

Play (Som) - v варить, кипятить: Did’th pot play when you come?; не

работать; ~ in - начинать; ~ up - ругать

Plim (Som, Dev) - v распухнуть, увеличиваться в объеме, вздуваться;

adj полный

Plum (Wil, Dev, Cor) - v надуваться; подыматься (о тесте); adj (о

погоде) мягкий

Polt (Wil) - v сбивать фрукты с дерева длинным шестом; n удар

Pomple (Som) - adj надежный, заслуживающий доверия (о человеке)

Pomster, Pompsy, Pounster (Som, Dev, Cor) - n знахарь; v заниматься

врачеванием без достаточных медицинских знаний: Don’t pomster thyself.

Pook (Wil, Som, Cor) - n стог, кипа, куча; v тянуть; ощипать (курицу)

Prill (Som, Dev, Cor) - v скиснуть, свернуться (о молоке), испортиться

(о характере, настроении человека): a-prilled, a-pirled

Punish (Dev) - v причинять боль, страдание; ранить; переносить боль:

His leg did punish him so. I punished so in the new boots; съесть,

проглотить

Pur (Som) - n баран

Put (Som, Cor, Dev, Wil) - v посылать; заставлять что-либо делать; put

in - распрягать; переносить, терпеть (страдания); выполнять что-либо; put

out - обнаруживать, обнародовать; put to (till) - допрашивать; мучить;

запрягать; закрывать; v толкать

Q

Quank (Wil) - v превозмочь; успокоить; adj тихий, спокойный

Quar (Som, Dev) - v (о молоке) свернуться; задыхаться

Quarrel (Dev, Som, Cor, Wil) - n оконное стекло

Queachy (Som) - adj болотистый, сырой

Quilkin (Dev, Cor) - n лягушка, жаба

R

Rag (Dev) - n иней; туман; моросящий дождь

Rake (Cor) - n путь, маршрут, направление; путешествие; груз, который

можно перенести за один раз; большое количество

Rally (Som, Dev) - v быстро идти, спешить; будить, подымать ото сна;

ругать, громко говорить

Rames (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n pl скелет, каркас; засохшая ботва

картофеля и других растений

Rane (Som, Dev) - n трещина (напрмер, в дереве); рваное место (одежды)

Rap (Som, Dev, Cor, Wil) - v менять, выменивать на что-либо; n сделка

Rare (Som, Dev, Cor) - adj ранний (об овощах, фруктах); готовый,

приготовленный

Rawn (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - v жадно есть; делать борозду; оставлять

шрам; rawned - adj обезображенный

Ray (Som, Dev) - v украшать; одевать; раздевать; загрязнять

Read (Som) - n четвертый желудок у жвачных животных; желудок

животного; v советовать; предупреждать; объяснять; предполагать

Ream (Dev, Cor) - n сливки

Rear (Wil, Dev, Cor) - adj (о мясе, яйцах) полусырой, недоваренный,

недожаренный: Ah likes my bacon a bit rare; (о фруктах) неспелый; (о

погоде) сырой

Rear-mouse (Wil, Som, Dev) - n летучая мышь

Reck (Som) - n небольшая корзина

Reese (Cor) - v (о перезрелом зерне) опадать

Ridder, Riddle (Wil, Som, Cor) - n сито для зерна; v сеять зерно

Rind, Render, Rander, Rainder (Dev) - v перетопить масло или сало

Roak(e) (Wil) - n туман; пар; мелкий дождь

Rode (Cor) - n умение, сноровка, сообразительность

Rose, Rouse (Som, Dev, Cor) - v оползать, опускаться (о земле);

падать; n громкое падение; оползень

Rouse (Wil, Dev) - v опрыскивать

Rum (Dev) - adj отличный; превосходный; adv сильно, вовсю, в

превосходной степени

S

Sam (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n, adj неготовый или плохо приготовленный

(о пище), плохо подогретый (о пище)

Sammy (Wil) - adj клеклый; мокрый; пропитанный водой; мягкий

Sang, Songle (Dev, Cor) - n пригоршня зерна; небольшой сноп

Sawk (Dev, Cor) - n застенчивый, нервный человек

Sax (Som, Dev, Cor) - n ноги; v разрезать

Scat, Scad (Dev, Cor) - n внезапный кратковременный ливень; период

(работы; погоды): a scat of fine weather

Scorse (Som, Dev, Cor) - v выменять, выторговать что-либо

Scovy (Som, Dev, Cor) - adj неодинаковый по цвету, пестрый

Scoy (Cor) - adj худой, плохой; маленький, незначительный

Scraw (Cor) - v просушивать рыбу на солнце и воздухе; жарить рыбу над

огнем

Scrint (Com, Dev) - v гореть; спалить; поджигать

Scug (Cor) - n белка

Seam (Som, Dev, Cor) - n груз, поклажа (о лошади)

Sean (Dev, Cor) - n большая сеть для ловли рыбы

Shape (Wil) - v отправиться, уйти: We mun shape our way home; пытаться

что-либо сделать, осуществить

Shippen (Som, Dev, Cor) - n стойло для скота

Shut (Wil, Som) - v избавляться от чего-либо; тратить деньги без меры,

транжирить: He shut his addings in drink.

Sim, Zim (Wil) - n резкий запах (особенно от горящей веревки или

кости)

Skeel (Wil) - n деревянное ведро; таз

Skeeling, Sheal, Shealing (Wil) - n сарай

Skit (Cor) - n насмешка; намек; скандал; шутка; анекдот; v насмехаться

над кем-либо; строить козни; сердиться; ругаться

Slade (Som, Cor) - n долина; углубление; небольшой ручей

Slock (Som, Dev, Cor) - v заманивать, соблазнять; n болото, трясина;

впадина между холмами

Sloke (Dev) - v прятаться

Smarry (Dev) - n женская кофта

Smoot, Smeut, Smoat, Smot, Smout, Smut, Smute (Som, Dev) - n = Smeuse;

v быть стеснительным; умирать, околевать (о животных)

Sober (Dev) - adj серьезный, спокойный; бедный; слабый, больной

Sowl (Dev) - v трепать за уши; грубо обращаться; бить

Speer (Som) - v искать; спрашивать (тж. at); следить, наблюдать (тж. с

about, into, out); сделать предложение о браке

Spell (Som) - n рассказ, история; v рассказывать; ругать

Spend (Cor) - n дерн, трава

Spur (Cor) - n период времени (a pure spur, a bra’ spur - долгое

время): She has been gon a bra’ spur.

Stean (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n глиняный сосуд

Steg (Wil) - n гусак; индюк; петух; неуклюжий человек

Stem (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n период времени; период работы (смена)

Stout (Wil, Som) - n овод

Strad (Som, Dev) - n pl куски кожи, обвязываемые вокруг ноги, гетры

Stub (Som, Dev) - n большая сумма денег; большой запас чего-либо: He

lef’n a good stub; v разорять, доводить до бедности

Sull (Wil, Som, Dev) - n плуг

Summer, Simmer (Wil, Som, Dev) - n горизонтальный, поперечный, брус;

подпорка

Summering (Som, Dev) - n ежегодный праздник

Survey (Som, Dev, Cor) - n аукцион

Swale (Dev) - v жечь

T

Tallet (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - n помещение для хранения сена на чердаке

или над стойлом; чердак

Tave (Som) - v беситься, бушевать, бороться; выполнять тяжелую работу;

спешить; быстро идти; n трудность (в том числе материальная)

Tease (Som) - v разматывать

Teel (Wil, Cor, Som, Dev) - v прислонять к чему-либо; открывать: tile

a gate; не отступать от своего решения; упрямо делать что-либо

Teen (Cor, Dev) - n закрывать

Tell (Som, Cor) - v считать, рассчитывать: Did you tell the clock when

it stuck?; платить (обычно с out, down): They must tell down good five

pounds; приговорить (к какому-либо наказанию): The judge told a man for

hanging.

Temporary, Tempery, Tempory (Som) - adj слабый, хрупкий, непрочный: My

clock - warks are gettin’ rather temporary. Ye’re a temporary creature.

Temse (Wil) - n сито; v сеять, просеивать

Tetch (Som, Dev) - n походка; привычка; Tetchy - adj раздражительный;

(о погоде) переменчивый

Tewly (Wil) - adj слабый, нежный, болехненный, хрупкий;

поправляющийся, выздоравливающий (о больном)

Thirl (Som, Dev, Cor) - adj худой, тощий; голодный; (о колосе) пустой,

без зерен

Throw (Som) - v родить, произвести: Thick mare’ll drow a good colt;

быть против чего-либо; спорить, не соглашаться; сердиться, раздражать

Tie (Som, Cor) - n пуховая перина; кровать

Tift (Dev) - v одевать, наряжать

Till, Toll (Dev, Cor) - v вручать, давать; достигнуть (чего-либо)

Tine (Wil, Som, Dev) - v закрывать; огораживать

Trant (Som) - v переносить тяжести

Trig (Wil, Som, Dev, Cor) - v укрепить, закрепить, заклинить,

подпереть

Truff (Som, Dev, Cor) - n форель

Twire (Wil) - v пристально смотреть

U

Unco (Wil) - n pl известия, новости

Ure (Cor) - n грязь, глина

V

Vair (Som, Dev, Cor) - n ласка (животное)

Vlare (Som) - n дефект, изъян

Vreach (Som, Dev) - adj старательно, тщательно

W

Wairsh (Dev) - adj пресный, несоленый; безвкусный; сырой

Wake (Wil) - n прорубь на озере или на реке; деревенский праздник (pl)

Wall (Som) - v кипеть

Wang (Som) - n часть плуга; v гнуться, прогибаться (от груза); падать

в обморок

Want (Som, Cor, Wil, Dev) - n крот

Warth (Som) - n луг (особенно близкий к ручью); берег

Wat (Cor) - n заяц

Weel, Weil (Cor) - n корзина из прутьев для ловли рыбы

Wem, Wen (Cor) - n пятно, изъян; дыра на одежде

Went, Vent, Want, Wint (Som, Cor, Dev) - n дорога, колея;

пересекающиеся дороги; v идти; скиснуть (о жидкостях, особенно о молоке)

Win (Som, Dev) - v сушить (злаки, сено, торф и т.д) на воздухе; n

жатва

Wink (Cor) - n пивной магазин

Wride (Cor, Som, Dev) - v (о растениях) давать несколько отростков от

одного корня; распространяться; расширяться; n куст

Y

Yote (Wil, Som) - v лить, выливать, поливать; глотать, жадно пить

Conclusions.

1. In considering the history and development of the English language we

may maintain that a regional variety of English is a complex of regional

standard norms and dialects. We must admit, however, that rural dialects,

in the conservative sense of the word, are almost certainly dying out (e.g.

the Cornish language): increasing geographical mobility, centralization and

urbanization are undoubtedly factors in this decline. Owing to specific

ways of development, every regional variety is characterized by a set of

features identical to a variety of English.

In the United Kingdom RP is a unique national standard.

About seventy or so years ago along with regional types dozen

upon dozens of

rural dialects co-existed side by side in the country. The

situation has greatly

changed since and specifically after the Second World War.

Dialects survive for

the most part in rural districts and England is a highly

urbanized country and has

very few areas that are remote or difficult to access. Much of

the regional variation

in pronunciation currently to be found in the country is

gradually being lost. On the

other hand, it is important to note that urban dialects are

undergoing developments

of a new type, and the phonetic differences between urban

varieties seem to be on

the increase.

The United Kingdom is particular about accents, in the sense that

here attitudes and

prejudices many people hold towards non-standard

pronunciations are still

very strong.

Therefore RP has always been and still is the

“prestigious” national standard

pronunciation, the so-called implicitly accepted social standard.

In spite of the fact

that RP speakers form a very small percentage of the British

population, it has the

highest status of British English pronunciation and is genuinely

regionless.

2. The comparative analysis of the phonetic system of the regional

varieties of English pronunciation shows the differences in the

pronunciation in the system of consonant and vowel phonemes.

3. The comparative analysis of the grammar presents the difference between

the standard language and the dialects of the South-West of England.

In conclusion we may say that the problems of the regional dialects

(its phonetic, grammar and lexical systems) open up wide vistas for

further investigations.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y.

1. Бродович О.И. Диалектная вариативность английского языка: аспекты

теории. Л., 1988

2. Маковский М.М. Английская диалектология. Современные английские диалекты

Великобритании. М., 1980

3. Шахбагова Д.А. Фонетические особенности произносительных вариантов

английского языка. М., 1982

4. Allen B.H., Linn M.D. Dialect and language variation, Orlando, 1986

5. Brook G.L. English Dialects, Oxford Un. Press, 1963

6. Brook G.L. Varieties of English, Lnd, 1977

7. Cheshire J. Variation in an English dialect. A sociolinguistic study,

Cambridge Un. Press, 1982

8. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language,

Cambridge, 1995

9. Encyclopedia Britannica CD 2000 Deluxe Edition

10. Gimson A.C. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, Lnd, 1981

11. Hughes and Trudgill, English accents and dialects: An introduction to

social and regional varieties of British English, Lnd, 1979

12. Malmstrom J., Weaver C Transgrammar. English structure, style and

dialects, Brighton, 1973

13. Shaw G.B. Pygmalion, NY, 1994

14. Sheerin S., Seath J., White G. Spotlight on Britain, Oxford, 1990

15. Shopen T., Williams J.M. Standards and dialects in English, Cambridge,

1980

16. Trudgill P. On dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives, NY and

Lnd, 1984

17. Trudgill P. Dialects in Contact, Oxford, 1986

18. Trudgill P., Chambers J.K. Dialects of English Studies in grammatical

variation. Longman, №9

19. Wakelin M.F. Discovering English Dialects, Shire Publications LTD, 1978

Dictionaries:

20. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,

Oxford Un. Press, 1996

Audio tapes analysed:

21. Accents, Glossa Melit, M., 2000

TV program analysed:

22. Holiday in the Southwest, the channel “Discovery”, 2000

Приложение 3.

The Southwest.

The principal industries here are farming and tourism. There are some

very big farms, but most are small family farms with a mixture of cows,

sheep and crops. The main emphasis is on dairy products - milk and butter.

On Exmoor and Dartmoor, two areas of higher land, conditions are ideal for

rearing sheep and beef-cattle.

Industry is centered on three large ports: Bristol in the north, and

Portsmouth and Southampton in the south-east. In Bristol, aircraft are

designed and built. In Portsmouth and Southampton, the main industries are

shipbuilding and oil-refining.

1. Holiday time in the West Country.

The countries of Devon, Cornwall and Somerset are often called the

West Country. They have always been popular with holiday-makers, so there

are a large number of hotels, caravan - and camping-sites and private

houses and farms which offer bed and breakfast. There is a beautiful

countryside, where people can “get away from it all”, and the coastline

offers the best beaches and surfing in England. Also, the weather is

usually warmer than in the rest of the country.

2. West Country Food.

The national drink of Devon is a cream tea. This consists of a pot of

tea and scones served with strawberry jam and cream. The cream is not the

same as that found in the rest of the country. It is called clotted cream,

and it is much thicker and yellower than ordinary cream. And there is

another national dish called a Cornish pasty.

Pasties used to be the main food of Cornish miners fishermen about 150

years ago, because they provided a convenient meal to take to work. They

were made of pastry which had either sweet or savoury fillings, and were

marked with the owner’s initials on one end. This was so that if he did not

eat all his pasty at once he would know which one belonged to him!

Somerset has always been famous for its cheeses. The most popular

variety is probably “Cheddar”, which is a firm cheese. It usually has a

rather mild flavour but if it is left to ripen, it tastes stronger, and is

sold in the shops as “mature Cheddar”. It takes its name from a small town,

which is also, a beauty-spot well-known for its caves, which contain

stalagmites and stalactites.

A West Country famous drink is Somerset cider or "Scrumpy" as it is

called. Cider is made from apples and is sold all over the United Kingdom,

but scrumpy is much stronger, and usually has small pieces of the fruit

floating in it.

3. Sightseeings.

The country of Wiltshire is most famous for the great stone monuments

of Stonehenge and Avebury, and the huge earth pyramid of Silbury. No

written records exist of the origins of these features and they have always

been surrounded by mystery.

Stonehenge is the best known and probably the most remarkable of

prehistoric remains in the UK. It has stood on Salisbury Plain for about

4000 years. There have been many different theories about its original use

and although modern methods of investigation have extended our knowledge,

no one is certain why it was built.

One theory is that it was a place from where stars and planets could

be observed. It was discovered that the positions of some of the stones

related to the movements of the sun and moon, so that the stones could be

used as a calendar to predict such things as eclipses. At one time, people

thought that Stonehenge was a Druid temple. The Druids were a Celtic

religious group who was suppressed in Great Britain soon after the Roman

Conquest. Some people believe that they were a group of priests, while

others regarded them as medicine-men who practised human sacrifice and

cannibalism.

Because Stonehenge had existed 1000 years before the arrival of the

Druids, this theory has been rejected, but it is possible that the Druids

used it as a temple. The theory is kept alive today by members of a group

called the “Most Ancient Order of Druids” who perform mystic rites at dawn

on the summer solstice. Every year, they meet at Stonehenge to greet the

first midsummer sunlight as it falls on the stones and they lay out

symbolic elements of fire, water, bread, salt and a rose.

Another interesting theory is that the great stone circle was used to

store terrestrial energy, which was then generated across the country,

possibly through “ley lines”. “Ley lines” is the name given to invisible

lines, which link up ancient sites through out Britain. They were thought

to be tracks by which prehistoric man travelled about the country, but now

many people believe that they are mysterious channels for a special kind of

power.

4. The sea-ships and sailors.

The coastline of the Southwest of England stretches for 650 miles

(over 1000 km), and has many different features: cliffs, sand, sheltered

harbours, estuaries and marshes. It is not surprising that much of the

activity in this region has been inspired by the sea.

Side by side on the south coast of Hampshire are the two ports of

Portsmouth and Southampton. Portsmouth is the home of the Royal Navy, and

its dockyard has a lot of interesting buildings and monuments. There is

also the Royal Naval museum, where the main attraction is Horatio Nelson’s

flagship, the “Victory”.

Southampton, on the other hand, is a civilian port for continental

ferries, big liners, and oil and general cargo.

Many great sailors had associations with the West Country, for

example, Sir Walter Raleigh, the Elizabethan explorer, and Horatio Nelson,

who lived in Bath in Somerset. The most famous sailor of recent times, was

Sir Francis Chichester, who returned to Plymouth after sailing round the

world alone in “Gypsy Moth”.

In Bristol, to the north, one of the largest Victorian steamships, the

“Great Britain”, has been restored. It was the first iron ocean - going

steamship in the world and was designed by a civil and mechanical engineer

with the unusual name of Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859). He not only

designed three ships (including the first transatlantic steamer, the “Great

Western”), but also several docks and a new type of railway that enabled

trains to travel at greater speeds. He also designed the first ever tunnel

underneath the Thames and the Clifton Suspension Bridge.

Unfortunately, this coastline, in particular that of Cornwall, is

famous - or infamous - in another way too. The “foot” of Cornwall has the

worst of the winter gales, and in recorded history there have been more

than fifteen shipwrecks for every mile of coastline. There is even a

shipwreck centre and museum near St. Austell where there is an amazing

collection of items that have been taken from wrecks over the years.

There are a lot of stories about Cornish “wreckers” who, it is said,

tied lanterns to the tails of cows on cliff-tops or put them on lonely

beaches when the weather was bad, so that ships would sail towards the

lights and break up on the dangerous rocks near the coast. The wreckers

would then be able to steal anything valuable that was washed up on to the

shore.

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