American Literature books summary

American Literature books summary

escape all along, and joyfully decides there is hope after all. He has the

chaplain retrieve his uniform, and decides to desert the army and run to

Sweden, where he can save himself from the madness of the war. As he steps

outside, Nately's whore tries to stab him again, and he runs into the

distance.

CHARACTERS’ PROFILE

Yossarian - The protagonist and hero of the novel. Yossarian is a

captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he

hates the war. His powerful desire to live has led him to the conclusion

that millions of people are trying to kill him, and he has decided either

to live forever or, ironically, die trying.

Milo Minderbinder - The fantastically powerful mess officer, Milo

controls an international black market syndicate and is revered in obscure

corners all over the world. He ruthlessly chases after profit and bombs his

own men as part of a contract with Germany. Milo insists that everyone in

the squadron will benefit from being part of the syndicate, and that

"everyone has a share."

Colonel Cathcart - The ambitious, unintelligent colonel in charge of

Yossarian's squadron. Colonel Cathcart wants to be a general, and he tries

to impress his superiors by bravely volunteering his men for dangerous

combat duty whenever he gets the chance. He continually raises the number

of combat missions required of the men before they can be sent home.

Colonel Cathcart tries to scheme his way ahead; he thinks of successful

actions as "feathers in his cap" and unsuccessful ones as "black eyes."

The Chaplain - The timid, thoughtful chaplain who becomes Yossarian's

friend. He is haunted by a sensation of deja vu and begins to lose his

faith in God as the novel progresses.

Hungry Joe - An unhinged member of Yossarian's squadron. Hungry Joe is

obsessed with naked women, and he has horrible nightmares on nights when he

isn't scheduled to fly a combat mission the next morning.

Nately - A good-natured nineteen year-old boy in Yossarian's squadron.

Nately comes from a wealthy home, falls in love with a whore, and generally

tries to keep Yossarian from getting into trouble.

Nately's whore - The beautiful whore Nately falls in love with in Rome.

After a good night's sleep, she falls in love with Nately as well. When

Yossarian tells her about Nately's death, she begins a persistent campaign

to ambush Yossarian and stab him to death.

Clevinger - An idealistic member of Yossarian's squadron who argues

with Yossarian about concepts such as country, loyalty, and duty, in which

Clevinger firmly believes. Clevinger's plane disappears inside a cloud

during the Parma bomb run, and he is never heard from again.

Doc Daneeka - The medical officer. Doc Daneeka feels very sorry for

himself because the war interrupted his lucrative private practice in the

States, and he refuses to listen to other people's problems. Doc Daneeka is

the first person to explain Catch-22 to Yossarian.

Dobbs - A co-pilot, Dobbs seizes the controls from Huple during the

mission to Avignon, the same mission on which Snowden dies. Dobbs later

develops a plan to murder Colonel Cathcart, and eventually awaits only

Yossarian's go-ahead to put it in action.

McWatt - A cheerful, polite pilot who often pilots Yossarian's planes.

McWatt likes to joke around with Yossarian, and sometimes buzzes the

squadron. One day he accidentally flies in too low, and slices Kid Sampson

in half with his propellor; he then commits suicide by flying his plane

into a mountain.

Major - The supremely mediocre squadron commander. Born Major Major

Major, he is promoted to major on his first day in the army by a

mischievous computer. Major Major is painfully awkward, and will only see

people in his office when he isn't there.

Aarfy - Yossarian's navigator. Aarfy infuriates Yossarian by pretending

he cannot hear Yossarian's orders during bomb runs. Toward the end of the

novel, Aarfy stuns Yossarian when he rapes and murders the maid of the

officers' apartments in Rome.

Orr - Yossarian's often maddening roommate. Orr almost always crashes

his plane or is shot down on combat missions, but he always seems to

survive.

Appleby - A handsome, athletic member of the squadron and a superhuman

ping-pong player. Orr enigmatically says that Appleby has flies in his

eyes.

Captain Black - The squadron's bitter intelligence officer. He wants

nothing more than to be squadron commander. Captain Black exults in the

men's discomfort and does everything he can increase it; when Nately falls

in love with a whore in Rome, Captain Black begins to buy her services

regularly just to taunt him.

Colonel Korn - Colonel Cathcart's wily, cynical sidekick.

Major de Coverley - The fierce, intense executive officer for the

squadron. Major ----- de Coverley is revered and feared by the men--they

are even afraid to ask his first name-- though all he does is play

horseshoes and rent apartments for the officers in cities taken by American

forces. When Yossarian moves the bomb line on a map to make it appear that

Bologna has been captured, Major ----- de Coverely disappears in Bologna

trying to rent an officers' apartment.

Major Danby - The timid operations officer. Before the war, he was a

college professor; now, he does his best for his country. In the end, he

helps Yossarian escape.

General Dreedle - The grumpy old general in charge of the wing in which

Yossarian's squadron is placed. General Dreedle is the victim of a private

war waged against him by the ambitious General Peckem.

Nurse Duckett - A nurse in the Pianosa hospital who becomes Yossarian's

lover.

Dunbar - Yossarian's friend, the only other person who seems to

understand that there is a war going on. Dunbar has decided to live as long

as possible by making time pass as slowly as possible, so he treasures

boredom and discomfort. He is mysteriously "disappeared" as part of a

conspiracy toward the end of the novel.

Chief White Halfoat - An alcoholic Indian from Oklahoma who has decided

to die of pneumonia.

Havermeyer - A fearless lead bombardier. Havermeyer never takes evasive

action, and he enjoys shooting field mice at night.

Huple - A fifteen year-old pilot; the pilot on the mission to Avignon

on which Snowden is killed. Huple is Hungry Joe's roommate, and his cat

likes to sleep on Hungry Joe's face.

Washington Irving - A famous American author whose name Yossarian signs

to letters during one of his many stays in the hospital. Eventually,

military intelligence believes Washington Irving to be the name of a covert

insubordinate, and two C.I.D. (Criminal Investigation Division) men are

dispatched to ferret him out of the squadron.

Luciana - A beautiful girl Yossarian meets, sleeps with, and falls in

love with during a brief period in Rome.

Mudd - Generally referred to as "the dead man in Yossarian's tent,"

Mudd was a squadron member who was killed in action before he could be

processed as an official member of the squadron. As a result, he is listed

as never having arrived, and no one has the authority to move his

belongings out of Yossarian's tent.

Lieutenant Scheisskopf - Later Colonel Scheisskopf and eventually

General Scheisskopf. He helps train Yossarian's squadron in America and

shows an unsettling passion for elaborate military parades. ("Scheisskopf"

is German for "shithead.")

The Soldier in White - A body completely covered with bandages in

Yossarian and Dunbar's ward in the Pianosa hospital.

Snowden - The young gunner whose death over Avignon shattered

Yossarian's courage and opened his eyes to the madness of the war. Snowden

died in Yossarian's arms with his entrails splattered all over Yossarian's

uniform, a trauma which is gradually revealed throughout the novel.

Corporal Whitcomb - Later Sergeant Whitcomb, the chaplain's atheist

assistant. Corporal Whitcomb hates the chaplain for holding back his

career, and makes the chaplain a suspect in the Washington Irving scandal.

ex-P.F.C. Wintergreen - The mail clerk at the Twenty-Seventh Air Force

Headquarters, Wintergreen is able to intercept and forge documents, and

thus wields enormous power in the Air Force. He continually goes AWOL

(Absent Without Leave), and is continually punished with loss of rank.

General Peckem - The ambitious special operations general who plots

incessantly to take over General Dreedle's position.

Kid Sampson - A pilot in the squadron. Kid Sampson is sliced in half by

McWatt's propeller when McWatt jokingly buzzes the beach with his plane.

Lieutenant Colonel Korn - Colonel Cathcart's wily, condescending

sidekick.

Colonel Moodus - General Dreedle's son-in-law. General Dreedle despises

Colonel Moodus, and enjoys watching Chief White Halfoat bust him in the

nose.

Flume - Chief White Halfoat's old roommate who is so afraid of having

his throat slit while he sleeps that he has taken to living in the forest.

Dori Duz - A friend of Scheisskopf's wife. Together, they sleep with

all the men training under him while he is stationed in the U.S.

The Catcher in the Rye

Chapter One:

The Catcher in the Rye begins with the statement by the narrator, Holden

Caulfield, that he will not tell about his "lousy" childhood and "all that

David Copperfield kind of crap" because such details bore him. He describes

his parents as nice, but "touchy as hell." Instead, Holden vows to tell

about what happened to him around last Christmas, before he had to take it

easy. He also mentions his brother, D.B., who is nearby in Hollywood "being

a prostitute." Holden was a student at Pencey Prep in Agerstown,

Pennsylvania, and he mocks their advertisements, which claim to have been

molding boys into clear-thinking young men since 1888. Holden begins his

story during the Saturday of the football game with Saxon Hall, which was

supposed to be a very big deal at Pencey. Selma Thurmer, the daughter of

the headmaster, is at the game. Although she is unattractive and a bit

pathetic, to Holden she seems nice enough, for she does not lavish praise

upon her father. Holden, the manager of the fencing team, had just returned

from New York with the team. Although they were supposed to have a meet

with the McBurney School, Holden left the foils on the subway. The fencing

team was angry at Holden, but he thought the entire event was funny in a

way. Holden does not attend the football game, instead choosing to say

goodbye to Spencer, his history teacher, who knew that Holden was not

coming back to Pencey. Holden had recently been expelled for failing four

classes.

Chapter Two:

Holden finds the Spencer's house somewhat depressing, smelling of Vicks

Nose Drops and clearly indicating the old age of its inhabitants. Mr.

Spencer sits in a ratty old bathrobe, and asks Holden to sit down. Holden

tells him how Dr. Thurmer told him about how "life is a game" and you

should "play it according to the rules" when he expelled him. Mr. Spencer

tells him that Dr. Thurmer was correct, and Holden agrees with him, but

thinks instead that life is only a game if you are on the right side.

Holden tells Mr. Spencer that his parents will be upset, for this is his

fourth private school so far. Holden tells that, at sixteen, he is over six

feet tall and has some gray hair, but still acts like a child, as others

often tell him. Spencer says that he met with Holden's parents, who are

"grand" people, but Holden dismisses that word as "phony." Spencer then

tells Holden that he failed him in History because he knew nothing, and

even reads his exam essay about the Egyptians to him. At the end of the

exam, Holden left a note for Mr. Spencer, admitting that he is not

interested in the Egyptians, despite Spencer's interesting lectures, and

that he will accept if Mr. Spencer fails him. As Holden and Mr. Spencer

continue to talk, Holden's mind wanders; he thinks about ice skating in

Central Park. When Mr. Spencer asks why Holden quit Elkton Hills, he tells

Mr. Spencer that it is a long story, but explains in narration that the

people there were phonies. He mentions the particular quality of the

headmaster, Mr. Haas, who would be charming toward everyone but the "funny-

looking parents." Holden claims he has little interest in the future, and

assures Mr. Spencer that he is just going through a phase. As Holden

leaves, he hears Mr. Spencer say "good luck," a phrase that he particularly

loathes.

Chapter Three:

Holden claims that he is the most terrific liar one could meet. He admits

that he lied to Spencer by telling him that he had to go to the gym. At

Pencey, Holden lives in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing of the new dorms.

Ossenburger is a wealthy undertaker who graduated from the school; Holden

tells how false Ossenburger seemed when he gave a speech exalting faith in

Jesus and how another student farted during the ceremony. Holden returns to

his room, where he puts on a red hunting hat they he bought in New York.

Holden discusses the books that he likes to read: he prefers Ring Lardner,

but is now reading Dinesen's Out of Africa. Ackley, a student whose room is

connected to Holden's, barges in on Holden. Holden describes Ackley as

having a terrible personality and an even worse complexion. Holden tries to

ignore him, then pretends that he is blind to annoy Ackley. Ackley cuts his

nails right in front of Holden, and asks about Ward Stradlater, Holden's

roommate. Ackley claims that he hates Stradlater, that "goddamn

sonuvabitch," but Holden tells Ackley that he hates Stradlater for the

simple reason that Stradlater told him that he should actually brush his

teeth. Holden defends Stradlater, claiming that he is conceited, but still

generous. Stradlater arrives, and is friendly to Holden (in a phony sort of

way), and asks to borrow a jacket from Holden. Stradlater walks around

shirtless to show off his build.

Chapter Four:

Since he has nothing else to do, Holden goes down to the bathroom to chat

with Stradlater as he shaves. Stradlater, in comparison to Ackley, is a

"secret" slob, who would always shave with a rusty razor that he would

never clean. Stradlater is a "Yearbook" kind of handsome guy. He asks

Holden to write a composition for him for English. Holden realizes the

irony that he is flunking out of Pencey, yet is still asked to do work for

others. Stradlater insists, however, that Holden not write it too well, for

Hartzell knows that Holden is a hot-shot in English. On an impulse, Holden

gives Stradlater a half nelson, which greatly annoys Stradlater. Stradlater

talks about his date that night with Jane Gallagher. Although he cannot

even get her name correct, Holden knows her well, for she lived next door

to him several summers ago and they would play checkers together.

Stradlater barely listens as he fixes his hair with Holden's gel. Holden

asks Stradlater not to tell Jane that he got kicked out. He then borrows

Holden's hound's-tooth jacket and leaves. Ackley returns, and Holden is

actually glad to see him, for he takes his mind off of other matters.

Chapter Five:

On Saturday nights at Pencey the students are served steak; Holden believes

this occurs because parents visit on Sunday and students can thus tell them

that they had steak for dinner the previous night, as if it were a common

occurrence. Holden goes with Ackley and Mal Brossard into New York City to

see a movie, but since Ackley and Brossard had both seen that particular

Cary Grant comedy, they play pinball and get hamburgers instead. When they

return, Ackley remains in Holden's room, telling about a girl he had sex

with, but Holden knows that he is lying, for whenever he tells that same

story, the details always change. Holden tells him to leave so that he can

write Stradlater's composition. He writes about his brother Allie's

baseball mitt. Allie, born two years after Holden, died of leukemia in

1946. The night that Allie died, Holden broke all of the windows in his

garage with his fist.

Chapter Six:

Stradlater returned late that night, thanked Holden for the jacket and

asked if he did the composition for him. When Stradlater reads it, he gets

upset at Holden, for it is simply about a baseball glove. Since Stradlater

is upset, Holden tears up the composition. Holden starts smoking, just to

annoy Stradlater. Holden asks about the date, but Stradlater doesn't give

very much information, only that they spent most of the time in Ed Banky's

car. Finally he asks if Stradlater "gave her the time" there. Stradlater

says that the answer is a "professional secret," and Holden responds by

trying to punch Stradlater. Stradlater pushes him down and sits with his

knees on Holden's chest. He only lets Holden go when he agrees to say

nothing more about Stradlater's date. When he calls Stradlater a moron, he

knocks Holden out. Holden then goes to the bathroom to wash the blood off

his face. Even though he claims to be a pacifist, Holden enjoys the look of

blood on his face.

Chapter Seven:

Ackley, who was awakened by the fight, comes in Holden's room to ask what

happened. He tells Holden that he is still bleeding and should put

something on his wounds. Holden asks if he can sleep in Ackley's room that

night, since his roommate is away for the weekend, but Ackley says that he

can't give him permission. Holden feels so lonesome that he wishes he were

dead. Holden worries that Stradlater had sex with Jane during their date,

because he knew that Stradlater was capable of seducing girls quickly.

Holden asks Ackley whether or not one has to be Catholic to join a

monastery. He then decides to leave Pencey immediately. He decides to take

a room in a hotel in New York and take it easy until Wednesday. He packs

ice skates that his mother had just sent him. The skates make him sad,

because they are not the kind that he wanted. According to Holden, his

mother has a way of making him sad whenever he receives a present. Holden

wakes up Woodruff, a wealthy student, and sells him his typewriter for

twenty bucks. Before he leaves, he yells "Sleep tight, ya morons."

Chapter Eight:

Since it is too late to call a cab, Holden walks to the train station. On

the train, a woman gets on at Trenton and sits right beside him, even

though the train is nearly empty. She strikes up a conversation with him,

noticing the Pencey sticker on his suitcase, and says that her son, Ernest

Morrow, goes to Pencey as well. Holden remembers him as "the biggest

bastard that ever went to Pencey." Holden tells her that his name is Rudolf

Schmidt, the name of the Pencey janitor. Holden lies to Mrs. Morrow,

pretending that he likes Pencey and that he is good friends with Ernest.

She thinks that her son is Њsensitive,' an idea that Holden finds

laughable, but Holden continues to tell lies about Ernest, such as that he

would have been elected class president, but he was too modest to accept

the nomination. Holden asks if she would like to join him for a cocktail in

the club car. Finally, he tells her that he is leaving Pencey early because

he has to have an operation; he claims he has a tumor on his brain. When

she invites Holden to visit during the summer, he says that he will be

spending the summer in South America with his grandmother.

Chapter Nine:

When Holden reaches New York, he does not know whom to call. He considers

calling his kid sister, Phoebe, but she would be asleep and his parents

would overhear. He also considers calling Jane Gallagher or Sally Hayes,

another friend, but finally does not call anybody. He gets into a cab and

absentmindedly gives the driver his home address, but soon realizes that he

does not want to get home. He goes to the Edmond Hotel instead, where he

stays in a shabby room. He looks out of the window and could see the other

side of the hotel. From this view he can see other rooms; in one of them, a

man takes off his clothes and puts on ladies' clothing, while in another a

man and a woman spit their drinks at one another. Holden thinks that he's

the "biggest sex maniac you ever saw," but then claims that he does not

understand sex at all. He then thinks of calling Jane Gallagher but again

decides against it, and instead considers calling a woman named Faith

Cavendish, who was formerly a burlesque stripper and is not quite a

prostitute. When he calls her, he continues to ask whether or not they

could get a drink together, but she turns him down at every opportunity.

Chapter Ten:

Holden describes more about his family in this chapter. His sister Phoebe

is the smartest little kid that he has ever met, and Holden himself is the

only dumb one. Phoebe reminds Holden of Allie in physical appearance, but

she is very emotional. She writes books about Hazle Weatherfield, a girl

detective. Holden goes down to the Lavender Room, a nightclub in the hotel.

The band there is putrid and the people are mostly old. When he attempts to

order a drink, the waiter asks for identification, but since he does not

have proof of his age, he begs the waiter to put rum in his Coke. Holden

"gives the eye" to three women at another table, in particular a blonde

one. He asks the blonde one to dance, and Holden judges her to be an

excellent dancer, but a moron. Holden is offended when the woman, Bernice

Krebs, asks his age and when he uses profanity in front of her. He tells

these women, who are visiting from Seattle, that his name is Jim Steele.

Since they keep mentioning how they saw Peter Lorre that day, Holden claims

that he just saw Gary Cooper, who just left the Lavender Room. Holden

thinks that the women are sad for wanting to go to the first show at Radio

City Music Hall.

Chapter Eleven:

Upon leaving the Lavender Room, Holden begins to think of Jane Gallagher

and worries that Stradlater seduced her. Holden met Jane when his mother

became irritated that the Gallagher's Doberman pinscher relieved itself on

their lawn. Several days later, he introduced himself to her, but it took

some time before he could convince her that he didn't care what their dog

did. Holden reminisces about Jane's smile, and admits that she is the only

person whom he showed Allie's baseball mitt. The one time that he and Jane

did anything sexual together was after she had a fight with Mr. Cudahy, her

father-in-law. Holden suspected that he had tried to "get wise with" Jane.

Holden decides to go to Ernie's, a nightclub in Greenwich village that D.B.

used to frequent before he went to Hollywood.

Chapter Twelve:

In the cab to Ernie's, Holden chats with Horwitz, the cab driver. He asks

what happens to the ducks in Central Park during the winter, but the two

get into an argument when Horwitz thinks that Holden's questions are

stupid. Ernie's is filled with prep school and college jerks, as Holden

calls them. Holden notices a Joe Yale-looking guy with a beautiful girl; he

is telling the girl how a guy in his dorm nearly committed suicide. A

former girlfriend of Holden's brother, D.B., recognizes him. The girl,

Lillian Simmons, asks about D.B. and introduces Holden to a Navy commander

she is dating. Holden notices how she blocks the aisle in the place as she

drones on about how handsome Holden has become. Rather than spend time with

Lillian Simmons, Holden leaves.

Chapter Thirteen:

Holden walks back to his hotel, although it is forty-one blocks away. He

considers how he would confront a person who had stolen his gloves.

Although he would not do so aggressively, he wishes that he could threaten

the person who stole them. Holden finally concludes that he would yell at

the thief but not have the courage to hit him. Holden reminisces about

drinking with Raymond Goldfarb at Whooton. While back at the hotel, Maurice

the elevator man asks Holden if he is interested in a little tail tonight.

He offers a prostitute for five dollars. When she arrives, she does not

believe that he is twenty-two, as he claims. Holden finally tells the

prostitute, Sunny, that he just had an operation on his clavichord, as an

excuse not to have sex. She is angry, but he still pays her, even though

they argue over the price. He gives her five dollars, although she demands

ten.

Chapter Fourteen:

After the prostitute leaves, Holden sits in a chair and talks aloud to his

brother Allie, which he often does whenever he is depressed. Finally he

gets in bed and feels like praying, although he is "sort of an atheist." He

claims that he likes Jesus, but the Disciples annoy him. Other than Jesus,

the Biblical character he likes best is the lunatic who lived in the tombs

and cut himself with stones. Holden tells that his parents disagree on

religion and none of his siblings attend church. Maurice and Sunny knock on

the door, demanding more money. Holden argues with Maurice and threatens to

call the cops, but Maurice says that his parents would find out that he

spent the night with a whore. As Holden starts to cry, Sunny takes the

money from his wallet. Maurice punches him in the stomach before leaving.

After Maurice is gone, Holden imagines that he had taken a bullet and would

shoot Maurice in the stomach. Holden feels like committing suicide by

jumping out the window, but he wouldn't want people looking at his gory

body on the sidewalk.

Chapter Fifteen:

Holden calls Sally Hayes, who goes to the Mary A. Woodruff School.

According to Holden, Sally seems quite intelligent because she knows a good

deal about the theater and literature, but is actually quite stupid. He

makes a date to meet Sally for a matinee, but she continues to chat with

Holden on the phone despite his lack of interest. Holden tells that his

father is a wealthy corporation attorney and his mother has not been

healthy since Allie died. At Grand Central Station, where Holden checks in

his bags after leaving the hotel, he sees two nuns with cheap suitcases.

Holden reminisces about his roommate at Elkton Hills, Dick Slagle who had

cheap suitcases and would complain about how everything was bourgeois. He

chats with the nuns and gives them a donation. He wonders what nuns think

about sex when he discusses Romeo and Juliet with them.

Chapter Sixteen:

Before meeting Sally Hayes, Holden goes to find a record called "Little

Shirley Beans" for Phoebe by Estelle Fletcher. As he walks through the

city, he hears a poor kid playing with his parents, singing the song "If a

body catch a body coming through the rye." Hearing the song makes Holden

feel less depressed. Holden buys tickets for I Know My Love, a play

starring the Lunts. He knew that Sally would enjoy it, for it was supposed

to be very sophisticated. Holden goes to the Mall, where Phoebe usually

plays when she is in the park, and sees a couple of kids playing there. He

asks if any of them know Phoebe. They do, and claim that she is probably in

the Museum of Natural History. He reminisces about going to the Museum when

he was in grade school. He remembers how he would go there often with his

class, but while the exhibits would be exactly the same, he would be

different each time. Holden considers going to the museum to see Phoebe,

but instead goes to the Biltmore for his date with Sally.

Chapter Seventeen:

Holden meets Sally at the Biltmore, and when he sees her he immediately

feels like marrying her, even though he doesn't particularly like her.

After the play, when Sally keeps mentioning that she thinks she knows

people she sees, Holden replies "Why don't you go on over and give him a

big soul kiss, if you know him? He'll enjoy it." Finally, Sally does go to

talk to the boy she knows, George from Andover. Holden notes how phony the

conversation between Sally and George is. Holden and Sally go ice skating

at Radio City, then to eat. Sally asks Holden if he is coming over to help

her trim the Christmas tree. Holden asks her if she ever gets fed up. He

tells her that he hates everything: taxicabs, living in New York, phony

guys who call the Lunts angels. Sally tells him not to shout. He tells her

that she is the only reason that he is in New York right now. If not for

her, he would be in the woods, he claims. He complains about the cliques at

boarding schools, and tells her that he's in lousy shape. He suggests that

they borrow a car from a friend in Greenwich Village and drive up to New

England where they can stay in a cabin camp until their money runs out.

They could get married and live in the woods. Sally tells him that the idea

is foolish, for they are both practically children who would starve to

death. She tells him that they will have a lot of time to do those things

after college and marriage, but he claims that there wouldn't be "oodles"

of places to go, for it would be entirely different. He calls her a "royal

pain in the ass," and she starts to cry. Holden feels somewhat guilty, and

realizes that he doesn't even know where he got the idea about going to New

England.

Chapter Eighteen:

Holden once again considers giving Jane a call to invite her to go dancing.

He remembers how she danced with Al Pike from Choate. Although Holden

thought that he was "all muscles and no brains," Jane claimed that he had

an inferiority complex and felt sorry for him. Holden thinks that girls

divide guys into two types, no matter what their personality: a girl will

justify bad behavior as part of an inferiority complex for those she likes,

while claim those that she doesn't like are conceited. Holden calls Carl

Luce, a friend from the Whooton School who goes to Columbia, and plans to

meet him that night. He then goes to the movies and is annoyed when a woman

beside him becomes too emotional. The movie is a war film, which makes

Holden think about D.B.'s experience in the war. He hated the army, but had

Holden read A Farewell to Arms, which in Holden's view celebrates soldiers.

Holden thinks that if there is a war, he is glad that the atomic bomb has

been invented, for he would volunteer to sit right on top of it.

Chapter Nineteen:

Holden meets Carl Luce at the Wicker Bar. Carl Luce used to gossip about

people who were "flits" (homosexuals) and would tell which actors were

actually gay. Holden claims that Carl was a bit "flitty" himself. When Carl

arrives, he asks Holden when he is going to grow up, and is not amused by

Holden's jokes. Carl is annoyed that he is having a "typical Caulfield

conversation" about sex. Carl admits that he is seeing an older woman in

the Village who is a sculptress from China. Holden asks questions that are

too personal about Carl's sex life with his girlfriend until Carl insists

that he drop the subject. Carl reminds him that the last time he saw Holden

he told him to see his father, a psychiatrist.

Chapter Twenty:

Holden remains in the Wicker Bar getting drunk. He continues to pretend

that he has been shot. Finally, he calls Sally, but her grandmother answers

and asks why he is calling so late. Finally, Sally gets on the phone and

realizes that Holden is drunk. In the restroom of the Wicker Bar, he talks

to the "flitty-looking" guy, asking if he will see the "Valencia babe" who

performs there, but he tells Holden to go home. Holden finally leaves. As

he walks home, Holden drops Phoebe's record and nearly starts to cry. He

goes to Central Park and sits down on a bench. He thinks that he will get

pneumonia and imagines his funeral. He is reassured that his parents won't

let Phoebe come to his funeral because he is too young. He thinks about

what Phoebe would feel if he got pneumonia and died, and figures that he

should sneak home and see her, in case he did die.

Chapter Twenty-One:

Holden returns home, where he is very quiet as not to awake his parents.

Phoebe is asleep in D.B.'s room. He sits down at D.B.'s desk and looks at

Phoebe's stuff, such as her math book, where she has the name "Phoebe

Weatherfield Caulfield" written on the first page (her middle name is

actually Josephine). He wakes up Phoebe and hugs her. She tells about how

she is playing Benedict Arnold in her school play. She tells about how she

saw a movie called The Doctor, and how their parents are out for the night.

Holden shows Phoebe the broken record, and admits that he got kicked out.

She tells him that "Daddy's going to kill you," but Holden says that he is

going away to a ranch in Colorado. Phoebe places a pillow over her head and

refuses to talk to Holden.

Chapter Twenty-Two:

Phoebe tells Holden that she thinks his scheme to go out to Colorado is

foolish, and asks why he failed out of yet another school. He claims that

Pencey is full of phonies. He tells her about how everyone excluded Robert

Ackley as a sign of how phony the students are. Holden admits that there

were a couple of nice teachers, including Mr. Spencer, but then complains

about the Veterans' Day ceremonies. Phoebe tells Holden that he doesn't

like anything that happens. She asks Holden for one thing that he likes a

lot. He thinks of two things. The first is the nuns at Grand Central. The

second is a boy at Elkton Hills named James Castle, who had a fight with a

conceited guy named Phil Stabile. He threatened James, who responded by

jumping out the window, killing himself. However, he tells Phoebe that he

likes Allie, and he likes talking to Phoebe right now. Holden tells Phoebe

that he would like to be a catcher in the rye: he pictures a lot of

children playing in a big field of rye around the edge of a cliff. Holden

imagines that he would catch them if they started to go over the cliff.

Holden decides to call up Mr. Antolini, a former teacher at Elkton Hills

who now teaches English at NYU.

Chapter Twenty-Three:

Holden tells that Mr. Antolini was his English teacher at Elkton Hills and

was the person who carried James Castle to the infirmary. Holden and Phoebe

dance to the radio, but their parents come home and Holden hides in the

closet. When he believes that it is safe, Holden asks Phoebe for money and

she gives him eight dollars and change. He starts to cry as he prepares to

leave, which frightens Phoebe. He gives Phoebe his hunting hat and tells

her that he will give her a call.

Chapter Twenty-Four:

Mr. Antolini had married an older woman who shared similar intellectual

interests. When he arrives at his apartment, Holden finds Mr. Antolini in a

bathrobe and slippers, drinking a highball. Holden and Mr. Antolini discuss

Pencey, and Holden tells how he failed Oral Expression (debate). He tells

Holden how he had lunch with his father, who told him that Holden was

cutting classes and generally unprepared. He warns Holden that he is riding

for some kind of terrible fall. He says that it may be the kind where, at

the age of thirty, he sits in some bar hating everyone who comes in looking

as if he played football in college or hating people who use improper

grammar. He tells Holden that the fall that he is riding for is a special

and horrible kind, and that he can see Holden dying nobly for some highly

unworthy cause. He gives Holden a quote from the psychoanalyst Wilhelm

Stekel: "The mark of the immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a

cause, while the mark of the mature man is that he wants to live humbly for

one." He finally tells Holden that once he gets past the things that annoy

him, he will be able to find the kind of information that will be dear to

his heart. Holden goes to sleep, and wakes up to find Mr. Antolini's hand

on his head. He tells Holden that he is "simply sitting here, admiring‹"

but Holden interrupts him, gets dressed and leaves, claiming that he has to

get his bags from Grand Central Station and he will be back soon.

Chapter Twenty-Five:

When Holden gets outside, it is getting light out. He walks over to

Lexington to take the subway to Grand Central, where he slept that night.

He thinks about how Mr. Antolini will explain Holden's departure to his

wife. Holden feels some regret that he didn't come back to the Antolini's

apartment. Holden starts reading a magazine at Grand Central; when he reads

an article about hormones, he begins to worry about hormones, and worries

about cancer when he reads about cancer. As Holden walks down Fifth Avenue,

he feels that he will not get to the other side of the street each time he

comes to the end of a block. He feels that he would just go down. He makes

believe that he is with Allie every time he reaches a curb. Holden decides

that he will go away, never go home again and never go to another prep

school. He thinks he will pretend to be a deaf-mute so that he won't have

to deal with stupid conversations. Holden goes to Phoebe's school to find

her and say goodbye. At the school he sees "fuck you" written on the wall,

and becomes enraged as he tries to scratch it off. He writes her a note

asking her to meet him near the Museum of Art so that he can return her

money. While waiting for Phoebe at the Museum, Holden chats with two

brothers who talk about mummies. He sees another "fuck you" written on the

wall, and is convinced that someone will write that below the name on his

tombstone. Holden, suffering from diarrhea, goes to the bathroom, and as he

exits the bathroom he passes out. When he regains consciousness, he feels

better. Phoebe arrives, wearing Holden's hunting hat and dragging Holden's

old suitcase. She tells him that she wants to come with him. She begs, but

he refuses and causes her to start crying. She throws the red hunting hat

back at Holden and starts to walk away. She follows Holden to the zoo, but

refuses to talk to him or get near him. He buys Phoebe a ticket for the

carousel there, and watches her go around on it as "Smoke Gets in Your

Eyes" plays. Afterwards, she takes back the red hunting hat and goes back

on the carousel. As it starts to rain, Holden cries while watching Phoebe.

Chapter Twenty-Six:

Holden ends his story there. He refuses to tell what happened after he went

home and how he got sick. He says that people are concerned about whether

he will apply himself next year. He tells that D.B. visits often, and he

often misses Stradlater, Ackley, and even Maurice. However, he advises not

to tell anybody anything, because it is this that causes a person to start

missing others.

A FAREWELL TO ARMS

SOME INFO ON ERNEST HEMINGWAY

The first son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a doctor, and Grace Hall

Hemingway, Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in a suburb of Chicago. He was

educated in the public schools and began to write in high school, where he

was active and outstanding, but the parts of his boyhood that mattered most

were summers spent with his family on Walloon Lake in upper Michigan. On

graduation from high school in 1917, impatient for a less sheltered

environment, he did not enter college but went to Kansas City, where he was

employed as a reporter for the Star. He was repeatedly rejected for

military service because of a defective eye, but he managed to enter World

War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. On July 8, 1918,

not yet 19 years old, he was injured on the Austro-Italian front at

Fossalta di Piave. Decorated for heroism and hospitalized in Milan, he fell

in love with a Red Cross nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, who declined to marry

him. These were experiences he was never to forget.

After recuperating at home, Hemingway renewed his efforts at writing,

for a while worked at odd jobs in Chicago, and sailed for France as a

foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. Advised and encouraged by other

American writers in Paris--F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound--

he began to see his nonjournalistic work appear in print there, and in 1923

his first important book, a collection of stories called In Our Time, was

published in New York City. In 1926 he published The Sun Also Rises, a

novel with which he scored his first solid success. A pessimistic but

sparkling book, it deals with a group of aimless expatriates in France and

Spain--members of the postwar "lost generation," a phrase that Hemingway

scorned while making it famous. This work also introduced him to the

limelight, which he both craved and resented for the rest of his life.

Hemingway's The Torrents of Spring, a parody of the American writer

Sherwood Anderson's book Dark Laughter, also appeared in 1926.The writing

of books occupied him for most of the postwar years. He remained based in

Paris, but he traveled widely for the skiing, bullfighting, fishing, or

hunting that by then had become part of his life and formed the background

for much of his writing. His position as a master of short fiction had been

advanced by Men Without Women in 1927 and thoroughly established with the

stories in Winner Take Nothing in 1933.

Among his finest stories are "The Killers," "The Short Happy Life of

Francis Macomber," and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." At least in the public

view, however, the novel A Farewell to Arms (1929) overshadowed such works.

Reaching back to his experience as a young soldier in Italy, Hemingway

developed a grim but lyrical novel of great power, fusing love story with

war story. While serving with the Italian ambulance service during World

War I, the American lieutenant Frederic Henry falls in love with the

English nurse Catherine Barkley, who tends him during his recuperation

after being wounded. She becomes pregnant by him, but he must return to his

post. Henry deserts during the Italians' disastrous retreat after the

Battle of Caporetto, and the reunited couple flee Italy by crossing the

border into Switzerland. There, however, Catherine and her baby die during

childbirth, leaving Henry desolate at the loss of the great love of his

life.

Hemingway's love of Spain and his passion for bullfighting resulted in

Death in the Afternoon (1932), a learned study of a spectacle he saw more

as tragic ceremony than as sport. Similarly, a safari he took in 1933-34 in

the big-game region of Tanganyika resulted in The Green Hills of Africa

(1935), an account of big-game hunting. Mostly for the fishing, he bought a

house in Key West, Florida, and bought his own fishing boat. A minor novel

of 1937 called To Have and Have Not is about a Caribbean desperado and is

set against a background of lower-class violence and upper-class decadence

in Key West during the Great Depression.By now Spain was in the midst of

civil war. Still deeply attached to that country, Hemingway made four trips

there, once more a correspondent. He raised money for the Republicans in

their struggle against the Nationalists under General Francisco Franco, and

he wrote a play called The Fifth Column (1938), which is set in besieged

Madrid. As in many of his books, the protagonist of the play is based on

the author. Following his last visit to the Spanish war he purchased Finca

Vigia ("Lookout Farm"), an unpretentious estate outside Havana, Cuba, and

went to cover another war--the Japanese invasion of China.

The harvest of Hemingway's considerable experience of Spain in war and

peace was the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), a substantial and

impressive work that some critics consider his finest novel, in preference

to A Farewell to Arms. It was also the most successful of all his books as

measured in sales. Set during the Spanish Civil War, it tells of Robert

Jordan, an American volunteer who is sent to join a guerrilla band behind

the Nationalist lines in the Guadarrama Mountains. Most of the novel

concerns Jordan's relations with the varied personalities of the band,

including the girl Maria, with whom he falls in love. Through dialogue,

flashbacks, and stories, Hemingway offers telling and vivid profiles of the

Spanish character and unsparingly depicts the cruelty and inhumanity

stirred up by the civil war. Jordan's mission is to blow up a strategic

bridge near Segovia in order to aid a coming Republican attack, which he

realizes is doomed to fail. In an atmosphere of impending disaster, he

blows up the bridge but is wounded and makes his retreating comrades leave

him behind, where he prepares a last-minute resistance to his Nationalist

pursuers.All of his life Hemingway was fascinated by war--in A Farewell to

Arms he focused on its pointlessness, in For Whom the Bell Tolls on the

comradeship it creates--and as World War II progressed he made his way to

London as a journalist. He flew several missions with the Royal Air Force

and crossed the English Channel with American troops on D-Day (June 6,

1944).

Attaching himself to the 22nd Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, he

saw a good deal of action in Normandy and in the Battle of the Bulge. He

also participated in the liberation of Paris and, although ostensibly a

journalist, he impressed professional soldiers not only as a man of courage

in battle but also as a real expert in military matters, guerrilla

activities, and intelligence collection.Following the war in Europe,

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