American Literature books summary

American Literature books summary

and thinks Widow Douglas would have been proud of him. Jim and Huck turn

into an island, and sink the robbers' boat before going to bed.

Chapters 14-16 Summary

Jim and Huck find a number of valuables among the robbers' booty in

Chapter Fourteen, mostly trinkets and cigars. Jim says he doesn't enjoy

Huck's "adventures," since they risk his getting caught. Huck recognizes

that Jim is intelligent, at least for what Huck thinks of a black person.

Huck astonishes Jim with his stories of kings. Jim had only heard of King

Solomon, whom he considers a fool for wanting to chop a baby in half. Huck

cannot convince Jim otherwise. Huck also tells Jim about the "dolphin," son

of the executed King Louis XVI of France, rumored to be wandering America.

Jim is incredulous when Huck explains that the French do not speak English,

but another language. Huck tries to argue the point with Jim, but gives up

in defeat.

Huck and Jim are nearing the Ohio River, their goal, in Chapter

Fifteen. But one densely foggy night, Huck, in the canoe, gets separated

from Jim and the raft. He tries to paddle back to it, but the fog is so

thick he loses all sense of direction. After a lonely time adrift, Huck is

reunited with Jim, who is asleep on the raft. Jim is thrilled to see Huck

alive. But Huck tries to trick Jim, pretending he dreamed their entire

separation. Jim tells Huck the story of his dream, making the fog and the

troubles he faced on the raft into an allegory of their journey to the free

states. But soon Jim notices all the debris, dirt and tree branches, that

collected on the raft while it was adrift.

He gets mad at Huck for making a fool of him after he had worried about

him so much. "It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go

and humble myself to a nigger," but Huck apologizes, and does not regret

it. He feels bad about hurting Jim. Jim and Huck hope they don't miss

Cairo, the town at the mouth of the Ohio River, which runs into the free

states. Meanwhile, Huck's conscience troubles him deeply about helping Jim

escape from his "rightful owner," Miss Watson, especially after her

consideration for Huck. Jim can't stop talking about going to the free

states, especially about his plan to earn money to buy his wife and

children's freedom, or have some abolitionists kidnap them if their masters

refuse. When they think they see Cairo, Jim goes out on the canoe to check,

secretly resolved to give Jim up. But his heart softens when he hears Jim

call out that he is his only friend, the only one to keep a promise to him.

Huck comes upon some men in a boat who want to search his raft for escaped

slaves. Huck pretends to be grateful, saying no one else would help them.

He leads them to believe his family, on board the raft, has smallpox. The

men back away, telling Huck to go further downstream and lie about his

family's condition to get help. They leave forty dollars in gold out of

pity. Huck feels bad for having done wrong by not giving Jim up.

But he realizes that he would have felt just as bad if he had given Jim

up. Since good and bad seem to have the same results, Huck resolves to

disregard morality in the future and do what's "handiest." Floating along,

they pass several towns that are not Cairo, and worry that they passed it

in the fog. They stop for the night, and resolve to take the canoe upriver,

but in the morning it is gone{ more bad luck from the rattlesnake. Later, a

steamboat drives right into the raft, breaking it apart. Jim and Huck dive

off in time, but are separated. Huck makes it ashore, but is caught by a

pack of dogs.

Chapters 17-19 Summary

A man finds Huck in Chapter Seventeen and calls off the dogs. Huck

introduces himself as George Jackson. The man brings "George" home, where

he is eyed cautiously as a possible member of the Sheperdson family. But

they decide he is not. The lady of the house has Buck, a boy about Huck's

age (thirteen or fourteen) get Huck some dry clothes. Buck says he would

have killed a Shepardson if there had been any. Buck tells Huck a riddle,

though Huck does not understand the concept of riddles. Buck says Huck must

stay with him and they will have great fun. Huck invents an elaborate story

of how he was orphaned. The family, the Grangerfords, offer to let him stay

with them for as long as he likes. Huck innocently admires the house and

its (humorously tacky) finery. He similarly admires the work of a deceased

daughter, Emmeline, who created (unintentionally funny) maudlin pictures

and poems about people who died. "Nothing couldn't be better" than life at

the comfortable house.

Huck admires Colonel Grangerford, the master of the house, and his

supposed gentility. He is a warm- hearted man, treated with great courtesy

by everyone. He own a very large estate with over a hundred slaves. The

family's children, besides Buck, are Bob, the oldest, then Tom, then

Charlotte, aged twenty-five, and Sophia, twenty, all of them beautiful.

Three sons have been killed. One day, Buck tries to shoot Harney

Shepardson, but misses. Huck asks why he wanted to kill him. Buck explains

the Grangerfords are in a feud with a neighboring clan of families, the

Shepardsons, who are as grand as they are. No one can remember how the feud

started, or name a purpose for it, but in the last year two people have

been killed, including a fourteen-year-old Grangerford. Buck declares the

Shepardson men all brave. The two families attend church together, their ri

es between their knees as the minister preaches about brotherly love. After

church one day, Sophia has Huck retrieve a bible from the pews. She is

delighted to find inside a note with the words "two-thirty." Later, Huck's

slave valet leads him deep into the swamp, telling him he wants to show him

some water-moccasins. There he finds Jim! Jim had followed Huck to the

shore the night they were wrecked, but did not dare call out for fear of

being caught. In the last few days he has repaired the raft and bought

supplies to replace what was lost. The next day Huck learns that Sophie has

run off with a Shepardson boy. In the woods, Huck finds Buck and a nineteen-

year-old Grangerford in a gun-fight with the Shepardsons. The two are later

killed. Deeply disturbed, Huck heads for Jim and the raft, and the two

shove off downstream. Huck notes, "You feel mighty free and easy and

comfortable on a raft."

Huck and Jim are lazily drifting down the river in Chapter Nineteen.

One day they come upon two men on shore eeing some trouble and begging to

be let onto the raft. Huck takes them a mile downstream to safety. One man

is about seventy, bald, with whiskers, the other, thirty. Both men's

clothes are badly tattered. The men do not know each other but are in

similar predicaments. The younger man had been selling a paste to remove

tartar from teeth that takes much of the enamel off with it. He ran out to

avoid the locals' ire. The other had run a temperance (sobriety) revival

meeting, but had to ee after word got out that he drank. The two men, both

professional scam-artists, decide to team up. The younger man declares

himself an impoverished English duke, and gets Huck and Jim to wait on him

and treat him like royalty. The old man then reveals his true identity as

the Dauphin, Louis XVI's long lost son. Huck and Jim then wait on him as

they had the "duke." Soon Huck realizes the two are liars, but to prevent

"quarrels," does not let on that he knows.

Chapters 20-22 Summary

The Duke and Dauphin ask whether Jim is a runaway, and so Huckleberry

concocts a tale of how he was orphaned, and he and Jim were forced to

travel at night since so many people stopped his boat to ask whether Jim

was a runaway. That night, the two royals take Jim and Huck's beds while

they stand watch against a storm. The next morning, the Duke gets the

Dauphin to agree to put on a performance of Shakespeare in the next town

they cross. Everyone in the town has left for a revival meeting in the

woods. The meeting is a lively afiair of several thousand people singing

and shouting.

The Dauphin gets up and declares himself a former pirate, now reformed

by the meeting, who will return to the Indian Ocean as a missionary. The

crowd joyfully takes up a collection, netting the Dauphin eighty-seven

dollars and seventy-five cents, and many kisses from pretty young women.

Meanwhile, the Duke took over the deserted print offce and got nine and a

half dollars selling advertisements in the local newspaper. The Duke also

prints up a handbill offering a reward for Jim, so that they can travel

freely by day and tell whoever asks about Jim that the slave is their

captive. The Duke and Dauphin practice the balcony scene from Romeo and

Juliet and the sword fight from Richard III on the raft in Chapter Twenty-

one.

The duke also works on his recitation of Hamlet's "To be or not to be,"

soliloquy, which he has butchered, throwing in lines from other parts of

the play, and even Macbeth. But to Huck, the Duke seems to possess a great

talent. They visit a one-horse town in Arkansas where lazy young men loiter

in the streets, arguing over chewing tobacco. The Duke posts handbills for

the performance. Huck witnesses the shooting of a rowdy drunk by a man,

Sherburn, he insulted, in front of the victim's daughter. A crowd gathers

around the dying man and then goes off to lynch Sherburn.

The mob charges through the streets in Chapter Twenty-two, sending

women and children running away crying in its wake. They go to Sherburn's

house, knock down the front fence, but back away as the man meets them on

the roof of his front porch, ri e in hand. After a chilling silence,

Sherburn delivers a haughty speech on human nature, saying the average

person, and everyone in the mob, is a coward. Southern juries don't convict

murderers because they rightly fear being shot in the back, in the dark, by

the man's family. Mobs are the most pitiful of all, since no one in them is

brave enough in his own right to commit the act without the mass behind

him. Sherburn declares no one will lynch him: it is daylight and the

Southern way is to wait until dark and come wearing masks. The mob

disperses. Huck then goes to the circus, a "splendid" show, whose clown

manages to come up with fantastic one-liners in a remarkably short amount

of time. A performer, pretending to be a drunk, forces himself into the

ring and tries to ride a horse, apparently hanging on for dear life. The

crowd roars its amusement, except for Huck, who cannot bear to watch the

poor man's danger. Only twelve people came to the Duke's performance, and

they laughed all the way through. So the Duke prints another handbill, this

time advertising a performance of "The King's Cameleopard [Girafie] or The

Royal Nonesuch." Bold letters across the bottom read, "Women and Children

Not Admitted."

Chapters 23-25 Summary

The new performance plays to a capacity audience. The Dauphin, naked

except for body paint and some "wild" accouterments, has the audience

howling with laughter. But the Duke and Dauphin are nearly attacked when

the show is ended after this brief performance. To avoid losing face, the

audience convinces the rest of the town the show is a smash, and a capacity

crowd follows the second night. As the Duke anticipated, the third night's

crowd consists of the two previous audiences coming to get their revenge.

The Duke and Huck make a getaway to the raft before the show starts. From

the three-night run, they took in four-hundred sixty-five dollars. Jim is

shocked that the royals are such "rapscallions." Huck explains that history

shows nobles to be rapscallions who constantly lie, steal, and

decapitate{describing in the process how Henry VIII started the Boston Tea

Party and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Huck doesn't see the point

in telling Jim the two are fakes; besides, they really do seem like the

real thing. Jim spends his night watches "moaning and mourning" for his

wife and two children, Johnny and Lizabeth. Though "It don't seem natural,"

Huck concludes that Jim loves his family as much as whites love theirs. Jim

is torn apart when he hears a thud in the distance, because it reminds him

of the time he beat his Lizabeth for not doing what he said, not realizing

she had been made deaf-mute by her bout with scarlet fever.

In Chapter Twenty-four, Jim complains about having to wait, frightened,

in the boat, tied up (to avoid suspicion) while the others are gone. So the

Duke dresses Jim in a calico stage robe and blue face paint, and posts a

sign, "Sick Arab{but harmless when not out of his head." Ashore and dressed

up in their newly bought clothes, the Dauphin decides to make a big

entrance by steamboat into the next town. The Dauphin calls Huck

"Adolphus," and encounters a talkative young man who tells him about the

recently deceased Peter Wilks. Wilks sent for his two brothers from

Shefield, England: Harvey, whom he had not seen since he was five, and

William, who is deaf-mute. He has left all his property to his brothers,

though it seems uncertain whether they will ever arrive. The Dauphin gets

the young traveler, who is en route to Rio de Janeiro, to tell him

everything about the Wilks. In Wilks' town, they ask after Peter Wilks,

pretending anguish when told of his death. The Dauphin even makes strange

hand signs to the Duke. "It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human

race," Huck thinks.

A crowd gathers before Wilks' house in Chapter Twenty-five, as the Duke

and Dauphin share a tearful meeting with the three Wilks daughters. The

entire town then joins in the "blubbering." "I never see anything so

disgusting," Huck thinks. Wilks' letter (which he left instead of a will)

leaves the house and three thousand dollars to his daughters, and to his

brothers, three thousand dollars, plus a tan-yard and seven thousand

dollars in real estate. The Duke and Dauphin privately count the money,

adding four-hundred fifteen dollars of their own money when the stash comes

up short of the letter's six-thousand, for appearances. They then give it

all to the Wilks women in a great show before a crowd of townspeople.

Doctor Abner Shackleford, an old friend of the deceased, interrupts to

declare them frauds, their accents ridiculously phony. He asks Mary Jane,

the oldest Wilks sister, to listen to him as a friend and turn the

impostors out. In reply, she hands the Dauphin the six thousand dollars to

invest however he sees fit.

Chapters 26-28 Summary

Huck has supper with Joanna, a Wilks sister he refers to as "the

Harelip" ("Cleft lip," a birth defect she possesses). She cross-examines

Huckleberry on his knowledge of England. He makes several slips, forgetting

he is supposedly from Shefield, and that the Dauphin is supposed to be a

Protestant minister.

Finally she asks whether he hasn't made the entire thing up. Mary Jane

and Susan interrupt and instruct Joanna to be courteous to their guest. She

graciously apologizes. Huck feels awful about letting such sweet women be

swindled. He resolves to get them their money. He goes to the Duke and

Dauphin's room to search for the money, but hides when they enter. The Duke

wants to leave that very night, but the Dauphin convinces him to stay until

they have stolen all the family's property. After they leave, Huckleberry

takes the gold to his sleeping cubby, and then sneaks out late at night.

Huck hides the sack of money in Wilks' coffn in Chapter Twenty-seven,

as Mary Jane, crying, enters the front room. Huck doesn't get another

opportunity to safely remove the money, and feels dejected that the Duke

and Dauphin will likely get it back. The funeral the next day is briefly

interrupted by the racket the dog is making down cellar. The undertaker

slips out, and after a "whack" is heard from downstairs, the undertaker

returns, whispering loudly to the preacher, "He had a rat!" Huck remarks

how the rightfully popular undertaker satisfied the people's natural

curiosity.

Huck observes with horror as the undertaker seals the coffn without

looking inside. Now he will never know whether the money was stolen from

the coffn, or if he should write Mary Jane to dig up the coffn for it.

Saying he will take the Wilks' family to England, the Dauphin sells off

the estate and the slaves. He sends a mother to New Orleans and her two

sons to Memphis. The scene at the grief-stricken family's separation is

heart-rending. But Huck comforts himself that they will be reunited in a

week or so when the Duke and Dauphin are exposed. When questioned by the

Duke and Dauphin, Huck blames the loss of the six thousand dollars on the

slaves they just sold, making the two regret the deed.

Huck finds Mary Jane crying in her bedroom in Chapter Twenty-eight. All

joy regarding the trip to England has been destroyed by the thought of the

slave mother and children never seeing each other again. Touched, Huck

unthinkingly blurts out that the family will be reunited in less than two

weeks. Mary Jane, overjoyed, asks Huck to explain. Huck is uneasy, having

little experience telling the truth while in a predicament. He tells Mary

Jane the truth, but asks her to wait at a relative's house until eleven

that night to give him time to get away, since the fate of another person

hangs in the balance. He tells her about the Royal Nonesuch incident,

saying that town will provide witnesses against the frauds. He instructs

her to leave without seeing her "uncles," since her innocent face would

give away their secret. He leaves her a note with the location of the

money. She promises to remember him forever, and pray for him. Though Huck

will never see her again, he will think of her often. Huck meets Susan and

Joanna, and says Mary Jane has gone to see a sick relative. Joanna cross-

examines him about this, but he manages to trick them into staying quiet

about the whole thing{almost as well as Tom Sawyer would have. But later,

the auction is interrupted by a mob{ bringing the real Harvey and William

Wilks!

Chapters 29-31 Summary

The real Harvey, in an authentic English accent, explains the delay:

their luggage has been misdirected, and his brother's arm has been broken,

making him unable to sign. The doctor again declares The Duke and Dauphin

frauds, and has the crowd bring both real and fraudulent Wilks brothers to

a tavern for examination. The frauds draw suspicion when they are unable to

produce the six thousand dollars. A lawyer friend of the deceased has the

Duke, Dauphin, and the real Harvey sign a piece of paper, then compares the

writing samples to letters he has from the real Harvey.

The frauds are disproved, but the Dauphin doesn't give up. So the real

Harvey declares he knows of a tattoo on his brother's chest, asking the

undertaker who dressed the body to back him up. But after the Dauphin and

Harvey say what they think the tattoo is, the undertaker declares there

wasn't one at all. The mob cries out for the blood of all four men, but the

lawyer instead sends them out to exhume the body and check for the tattoo

themselves. The mob carries the four and Huckleberry with them. The mob is

shocked to discover the gold in the coffn. In the excitement, Huck escapes.

Passing the Wilks's house, he notices a light in the upstairs window.

Huck steals a canoe and makes his way to the raft, and, exhausted,

shoves off. Huck dances for joy on the raft, but his heart sinks as the

Duke and Dauphin approach in a boat.

The Dauphin nearly strangles Huck in Chapter Thirty, out of anger at

his desertion. But the Duke stops him. They explain that they escaped after

the gold was found. The thieves start arguing about which one of the two

hid the gold in the coffn, to come back for later. But they make up and go

to sleep.

They take the raft downstream without stopping for several days. The

Duke and Dauphin try several scams on various towns, without success. The

two start to have secret discussions, worrying Jim and Huck, who resolve to

ditch them at the first opportunity. Finally, the Duke, Dauphin, and Huck

go ashore in one town to feel it out. The Duke and Dauphin get into a fight

in a tavern, and Huck takes the chance to escape. But back at the raft,

there is no sign of Jim. A boy explains that a man recognized Jim as a

runaway from a handbill they had found, offering two hundred dollars for

him in New Orleans{the handbill the Duke had printed earlier. But he said

he had to leave suddenly, and so sold his interest for forty dollars. Huck

is disgusted by the Dauphin's trick. He would like to write to Miss Watson

to fetch Jim, so he could at least be home and not in New Orleans. But he

realizes she would simply sell him downstream anyway, and he would get in

trouble as well. The predicament is surely God's punishment for his helping

Jim. Huck tries to pray for forgiveness, but cannot.

He writes the letter to Miss Watson giving Jim up. But thinking of the

time he spent with Jim, of his kind heart and their friendship, Huck

trembles. After a minute he decides, "All right then, I'll go to hell!" He

resolves to "steal Jim out of slavery." He goes in his store-bought clothes

to see Phelps, the man who is holding Jim. He finds the Duke putting up

posters for the Royal Nonesuch. Huck concocts a story about how he wandered

the town, but didn't find Jim or the raft. The Duke says he sold Jim to a

man forty miles away, and sends Huck on the three day trip to get him.

Chapters 32-35 Summary

Huck goes back to the Phelps's house in Chapter Thirty-two. A bunch of

hounds threaten him, but a slave woman calls them off. The white mistress

of the house, Sally, comes out, delighted to see the boy she is certain is

her nephew, Tom. Sally asks why he has been delayed the last several days.

He explains that a cylinder- head on the steamboat blew out. She asks

whether anyone got hurt, and he replies no, but it killed a black person.

The woman is relieved that no one was hurt. Huck is nervous about not

having any information on his identity, but when Sally's husband, Silas,

returns, he shouts out for joy that Tom Sawyer has finally arrived! Hearing

a steamboat go up the river, Huck heads out to the docks, supposedly to get

his luggage, but really to head off Tom should he arrive.

Huck interrupts Tom's wagon coming down the road in Chapter Thirty-

three. Tom is at first startled by the "ghost," but is eventually convinced

that Huck is alive. He even agrees to help Huck free Jim. Huck is shocked

by this: "Tom Sawyer fell, considerable, in my estimation." Tom follows

Huck to the Phelps's a half hour later. The isolated family is thrilled to

have another guest. Tom introduces himself as William Thompson from Ohio,

stopping on his way to visit his uncle nearby. But Tom slips and kisses his

aunt, who is outraged by such familiarity from a stranger. Taken aback for

a few moments, Tom recovers by saying he is another relative, Sid Sawyer,

and this has all been a joke. Later, walking through town, Huck sees the

Duke and Dauphin taken by a mob, tarred and feathered on a rail. Jim had

told on the pair. Tom feels bad for the two, and his ill feelings toward

them melt away. "Human beings can be awful cruel to one another," Huck

observes.

Huck concludes that a conscience is useless, since it makes you feel

bad for everyone. Tom agrees. Huck is impressed by Tom's intelligence when

he skillfully figures out that Jim is being held in a shed. Huck's plan to

free Jim is to steal the key and make off with Jim by night. Tom belittles

this plan for its simplicity and lack of showmanship. Tom's plan is fifteen

times better than Huck's for its style{it might even get all three killed.

Meanwhile, Huck is incredulous that respectable Tom is going to sacrifice

his reputation by helping a slave escape.

Huck and Tom get Jim's keeper, a superstitious slave, to let them see

him. When Jim cries out for joy, Tom tricks Jim's keeper into thinking the

cry a trick some witches had played on him. Tom and Huck promise to dig Jim

out.

Tom is upset in Chapter Thirty-five. Innocent uncle Phelps has taken so

few precautions to guard Jim, they have to invent all the obstacles to his

rescue. Tom says they must saw Jim's chain off instead of just lifting it

off the bedstead, since that's how it's done in all the books. Similarly,

Jim requires a rope ladder, a moat, and a shirt on which to keep a journal,

presumably in his own blood. Sawing his leg off to escape would also be a

nice touch. But since they're pressed for time, they will dig Jim out with

case-knives (large kitchen knives).

Chapters 36-39 Summary

Out late at night, Huck and Tom give up digging with the case-knives

after much fruitless efiort. They use pick-axes instead, but agree to "let

on"{pretend{that they are using case-knives. The next day, Tom and Huck

gather candlesticks, candles, spoons, and a tin plate. Jim can etch a

declaration of his captivity on the tin plate using the other objects, then

throw it out the window to be read by the world, like in the novels. That

night, the two boys dig their way to Jim, who is delighted to see them. He

tells them that Sally and Silas have been to visit and pray with him. He

doesn't understand the boys' scheme but agrees to go along. Tom thinks the

whole thing enormously fun and "intellectural." He tricks Jim's keeper,

Nat, into bringing Jim a "witch pie" to help ward off the witches that have

haunted Nat.

The missing shirt, candles, sheets, and other articles Huck and Tom

stole to give Jim get Aunt Sally mad at everyone but the two boys in

Chapter Thirty-seven. To make up, Huck and Tom secretly plug up the holes

of the rats that have supposedly stolen everything, confounding Uncle Silas

when he goes to do the job. By removing and then replacing sheets and

spoons, the two boys so confuse Sally that she loses track of how many she

has. It takes a great deal of trouble to put the rope ladder (made of

sheets) in the witch's pie, but at last it is finished and they give it to

Jim. Tom insists Jim scratch an inscription on the wall of the shed, with

his coat of arms, the way the books say. Making the pens from the spoons

and candlestick is a great deal of trouble, but they manage. Tom creates an

unintentionally humorous coat of arms and set of mournful declarations for

Jim to inscribe on the wall. When Tom disapproves of writing on a wooden,

rather than a stone wall, they go steal a millstone. Tom then tries to get

Jim to take a rattlesnake or rat into the shack to tame, and to grow a ower

to water with his tears. Jim protests against the ridiculously unnecessary

amount of trouble Tom wants to create. Tom replies that these are

opportunities for greatness.

Huck and Tom capture rats and snakes in Chapter Thirty-nine,

accidentally infesting the Phelps house with them. Aunt Sally becomes

wildly upset when the snakes start to fall from the rafters onto her or her

bed. Tom explains that that's just how women are. Jim, meanwhile, hardly

has room to move with all the wildlife in his shed. Uncle Silas decides it

is time to sell Jim, and starts sending out advertisements. So Tom writes

letters, signed an "unknown friend," to the Phelps warning of trouble. The

family is terrified. Tom finishes with a longer letter pretending to be

from a member of a band of desperate gangsters out to steal Jim. The author

has found religion and so is warning them to block the plan.

Chapters 40-43 Summary

Fifteen uneasy local men with guns are in the Phelps's front room. Huck

goes to the shed to warn Tom and Jim. Tom is excited to hear about the

fifteen armed men. A group of men rush into the shed. In the darkness Tom,

Huck, and Jim escape through the hole. Tom makes a noise going over the

fence, attracting the attention of the men, who shoot at them as they run.

But they make it to the hidden raft, and set off downstream, delighted with

their success{especially Tom, who has a bullet in the leg as a souvenir.

Huck and Jim are taken aback by Tom's wound. Jim says they should get a

doctor{what Tom would do if the situation were reversed. Jim's reaction

confirms Huck's belief that Jim is "white inside."

Huck finds a doctor in Chapter Forty-one and sends him to Tom. The next

morning, Huck runs into Silas, who takes him home. The place is filled with

farmers and their wives, all discussing the weird contents of Jim's shed,

and the hole. They conclude a band of (probably black) robbers of amazing

skill must have tricked not only the Phelps and their friends, but the

original band of desperadoes. Sally will not let Huck out to find Tom,

since she is so sad to have lost Tom and does not want to risk another boy.

Huckleberry is touched by her concern and vows never to hurt her again.

Silas has been unable to find Tom in Chapter Forty- two. They have

gotten a letter from Tom's Aunt Polly, Sally's sister. But Sally casts it

aside when she sees Tom, semi-conscious, brought in on a mattress,

accompanied by a crowd including Jim, in chains, and the doctor. Some of

the local men would like to hang Jim, but are unwilling to risk having to

compensate Jim's master. So they treat Jim roughly, and chain him hand and

foot inside the shed. The doctor intervenes, saying Jim isn't bad, since he

sacrificed his freedom to help nurse Tom. Sally, meanwhile, is at Tom's

bedside, glad that his condition has improved. Tom wakes and gleefully

details how they set Jim free. He is horrified to learn that Jim is now in

chains. He explains that Jim was freed in Miss Watson's will when she died

two months ago.

She regretted ever having considered selling Jim down the river. Just

then, Aunt Polly walks into the room. She came after Sally mysteriously

wrote her that Sid Sawyer was staying with her. After a tearful reunion

with Sally, she identifies Tom and Huckleberry, yelling at both boys for

their misadventures. When Huckleberry asks Tom in the last chapter what he

planned to do once he had freed the already- freed Jim, Tom replies that he

was going to repay Jim for his troubles and send him back a hero. When Aunt

Polly and the Phelps hear how Jim helped the doctor, they treat him much

better.

Tom gives Jim forty dollars for his troubles. Jim declares that the

omen of his hairy chest has come true. Tom makes a full recovery, and has

the bullet inserted into a watch he wears around his neck. He and Huck

would like to go on another adventure, to Indian Territory (present-day

Oklahoma). But Huck worries Pap has taken all his money. Jim tells him that

couldn't have happened: the dead body they found way back on the houseboat,

that Jim would not let Huck see, belonged to Pap. Huck has nothing more to

write about. He is "rotten glad," since writing a book turned out to be

quite a task. He does not plan any future writings. Instead, he hopes to

make the trip out to Indian Territory, since Aunt Sally is already trying

to "sivilize" him, and he's had enough of that.

ALL THE KING’S MEN

Robert Penn Warren was one of the twentieth century's outstanding men

of letters. He found great success as a novelist, a poet, a critic, and a

scholar, and enjoyed a career showered with acclaim. He won two Pulitzer

Prizes, was Poet Laureate of the United States, and was presented with a

Congressional Medal of Fr edom. He founded the Southern Review and was an

important contributor to the New Criticism of 1930s and '40s.

Born in 1905, Warren showed his exceptional intelligence from an early

age; he attended college at Vanderbilt University, where he befriended some

of the most important contemporary figures in Southern literature,

including Allan Tate and John Crowe Ransom, and where he won a Rhodes

Scholarship to study at Oxford University in England. During a stay in

Italy, Warren wrote a verse drama called Proud Flesh,which dealt with

themes of political power and moral corruption. As a professor at Louisiana

State University, Warren had observed the rise of Louisiana political boss

Huey Long, who embodied, in many ways, the ideas Warren tried to work into

Proud Flesh. Unsatisfied with the result, Warren began to rework his

elaborate drama into a novel, set in the contemporary South, and based in

part on the person of Huey Long.

The result was All the King'sMen, Warren's best and most acclaimed

book. First published in 1946, Allthe King's Men is one of the best

literary documents dealing with the American South during the Great

Depression. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize, and was adapted into a movie

that won an Academy Award in 1949.

All the King's Men focuses on the lives of Willie Stark, an upstart

farm boy who rises through sheer force of will to become Governor of an

unnamed Southern state during the 1930s, and Jack Burden, the novel's

narrator, a cynical scion of the state's political aristocracy who uses his

abilities as a historical researcher to help Willie blackmail and control

his enemies.

The novel deals with the large question of the responsibility

individuals bear for their actions within the turmoil of history, and it is

perhaps appropriate that the impetus of the novel's story comes partly from

real historical occurrences.

Jack Burden is entirely a creation of Robert Penn Warren, but there

are a number of important parallels between Willie Stark and Huey Long, who

served Louisiana as both Governor and Senator from 1928 until his death in

1935.

Like Huey Long, Willie Stark is an uneducated farm boy who passed the

state bar exam; like Huey Long, he rises to political power in his state by

instituting liberal reform designed to help the state's poor farmers. And

like Huey Long, Willie is assassinated at the peak of his power by a doctor

Dr. Adam Stanton in Willie's case, Dr. Carl A. Weiss in Long's. (Unlike

Willie, however, Long was assassinated after becoming a Senator, and was in

fact in the middle of challenging Franklin D. Roosevelt for the

Presidential nomination of the Democratic Party.)

Characters

Jack Burden -- Willie Stark's political right-hand man, the narrator

of the novel and in many ways its protagonist. Jack comes from a prominent

family (the town he grew up in, Burden's Landing, was named for his

ancestors), and knows many of the most important people in the state.

Despite his aristocratic background, Jack allies himself with the

liberal, amoral Governor Stark, to the displeasure of his family and

friends. He uses his considerable skills as a researcher to uncover the

secrets of Willie's political enemies. Jack was once married to Lois

Seager, but has left her by the time of the novel. Jack's main

characteristics are his intelligence and his curious lack of ambition; he

seems to have no agency of his own, and for the most part he is content to

take his direction from Willie. Jack is also continually troubled by the

question of motive and responsibility in history: he quit working on his

PhD thesis in history when he decided he could not comprehend Cass

Mastern's motives. He develops the Great Twitch theory to convince himself

that no one can be held responsible for anything that happens. During the

course of the novel, however, Jack rejects the Great Twitch theory and

accepts the idea of responsibility.

Willie Stark -- Jack Burden's boss, who rises from poverty to become

the governor of his state and its most powerful political figure. Willie

takes control of the state through a combination of political reform (he

institutes sweeping liberal measures designed to tax the rich and ease the

burden on the state's many poor farmers) and underhanded guile (he

blackmails and bullies his enemies into submission). While Jack is

intelligent and inactive, Willie is essentially all motive power and

direction. The extent of his moral philosophy is his belief that everyone

and everything is bad, and that moral action involves making goodness out

of the badness.

Willie is married to Lucy Stark, with whom he has a son, Tom. But his

voracious sexual appetite leads him into a number of afiairs, including one

with Sadie Burke and one with Anne Stanton. Willie is murdered by Adam

Stanton toward the end of the novel.

Anne Stanton -- Jack Burden's first love, Adam Stanton's sister, and,

for a time, Willie Stark's mistress. The daughter of Governor Stanton, Anne

is raised to believe in a strict moral code, a belief which is threatened

and nearly shattered when Jack shows her proof of her father's wrongdoing.

Adam Stanton -- A brilliant surgeon and Jack Burden's closest

childhood friend. Anne Stanton's brother. Jack persuades Adam to put aside

his moral reservations about Willie and become director of the new hospital

Willie is building, and Adam later cares for Tom Stark after his injury.

But two revelations combine to shatter Adam's worldview: he learns that his

father illegally protected Judge Irwin after he took a bribe, and he learns

that his sister has become Willie Stark's lover. Driven mad with the

knowledge, Adam assassinates Willie in the lobby of the Capitol towards the

end of the novel.

Judge Montague Irwin -- A prominent citizen of Burden's Landing and a

former state Attorney General; also a friend to the Scholarly Attorney and

a father figure to Jack. When Judge Irwin supports one of Willie's

political enemies in a Senate election, Willie orders Jack to dig up some

information on the judge. Jack discovers that his old friend accepted a

bribe from the American Electric Power Company in 1913 to save his

plantation. (In return for the money, the judge dismissed a case against

the Southern Belle Fuel Company, a sister corporation to American

Electric.) When he confronts the judge with this information, the judge

commits suicide; when Jack learns of the suicide from his mother, he also

learns that Judge Irwin was his real father.

Sadie Burke -- Willie Stark's secretary, and also his mistress. Sadie

has been with Willie from the beginning, and believes that she made him

what he is. Despite the fact that he is a married man, she becomes

extremely jealous of his relationships with other women, and they often

have long, passionate fights. Sadie is tough, cynical, and extremely

vulnerable; when Willie announces that he is leaving her to go back to

Lucy, she tells Tiny Dufiy in a fit of rage that Willie is sleeping with

Anne Stanton. Tiny tells Adam Stanton, who assassinates Willie. Believing

herself to be responsible for Willie's death, Sadie checks into a

sanitarium. .

Tiny Dufiy -- Lieutenant-Governor of the state when Willie is

assassinated. Fat, obsequious, and untrustworthy, Tiny swallows Willie's

abuse and con- tempt for years, but finally tells Adam Stanton that Willie

is sleeping with Anne. When Adam murders Willie, Tiny becomes Governor.

Sugar-Boy O'Sheean -- Willie Stark's driver, and also his bodyguard--

Sugar-Boy is a crack shot with a .38 special and a brilliant driver. A

stuttering Irishman, Sugar-Boy follows Willie blindly.

Lucy Stark -- Willie's long-sufiering wife, who is constantly

disappointed by her husband's failure to live up to her moral standards.

Lucy eventually leaves Willie to live at her sister's poultry farm. They

are in the process of reconciling when Willie is murdered.

Tom Stark -- Willie's arrogant, hedonistic son, a football star for

the state university. Tom lives a life of drunkenness and promiscuity

before he breaks his neck in a football accident. Permanently paralyzed, he

dies of pneumonia shortly thereafter. Tom is accused of impregnating Sibyl

Frey, whose child is adopted by Lucy at the end of the novel.

Jack's mother -- A beautiful, "famished-cheeked" woman from Arkansas,

Jack's mother is brought back to Burden's Landing by the Scholarly

Attorney, but falls in love with Judge Irwin and begins an afiair with him;

Jack is a product of that afiair. After the Scholarly Attorney leaves her,

she marries a succession of men (the Tycoon, the Count, the Young

Executive). Jack's realization that she is capable of love--and that she

really loved Judge Irwin-- helps him put aside his cynicism at the end of

the novel.

Sam MacMurfee -- Willie's main political enemy within the state's

Democratic Party, and governor before Willie. After Willie crushes him in

the gubernatorial election, MacMurfee continues to control the Fourth

District, from which he plots ways to claw his way back into power.

Ellis Burden -- The man whom Jack believes to be his father for most

of the book, before learning his real father is Judge Irwin. After

discovering his wife's afiair with the judge, the "Scholarly Attorney" (as

Jack characterizes him) leaves her. He moves to the state capital where he

attempts to conduct a Christian ministry for the poor and the unfortunate.

Theodore Murrell -- The "Young Executive," as Jack characterizes him;

Jack's mother's husband for most of the novel.

Governor Joel Stanton -- Adam and Anne's father, governor of the state

when Judge Irwin was Attorney General. Protects the judge after he takes

the bribe to save his plantation.

Hugh Miller -- Willie Stark's Attorney General, an honorable man who

resigns following the Byram White scandal.

Joe Harrison -- Governor of the state who sets Willie up as a dummy

candidate to split the MacMurfee vote, and thereby enables Willie's

entrance onto the political stage. When Willie learns how Harrison has

treated him, he withdraws from the race and campaigns for MacMurfee, who

wins the election. By the time Willie crushes MacMurfee in the next

election, Harrison's days of political clout are over.

Mortimer L. Littlepaugh -- The man who preceded Judge Irwin as counsel

for the American Electric Power Company in the early 1900s. When Judge

Irwin took Littlepaugh's job as part of the bribe, Littlepaugh confronted

Governor Stanton about the judge's illegal activity. When the governor

protected the judge, Littlepaugh committed suicide.

Miss Lily Mae Littlepaugh -- Mortimer Littlepaugh's sister, an old

spiritual medium who sells her brother's suicide note to Jack, giving him

the proof he needs about Judge Irwin and the bribe.

Gummy Larson -- MacMurfee's most powerful supporter, a wealthy

businessman. Willie is forced to give Larson the building contract to the

hospital so that Larson will call MacMurfee off about the Sibyl Frey

controversy, and thereby preserve Willie's chance to go to the Senate.

Lois Seager -- Jack's sexy first wife, whom he leaves when he begins

to

perceive her as a person rather than simply as a machine for gratifying his

desires.

Byram B. White -- The State Auditor during Willie's first term as

governor. His acceptance of graft money propels a scandal that eventually

leads to an impeachment attempt against Willie. Willie protects White and

blackmails his enemies into submission, a decision which leads to his

estrangement from Lucy and the resignation of Hugh Miller.

Hubert Coffee -- A slimy MacMurfee employee who tries to bribe Adam

Stanton into giving the hospital contract to Gummy Larson.

Sibyl Frey -- A young girl who accuses Tom Stark of having gotten her

pregnant; Tom alleges that Sibyl has slept with so many men, she could not

possibly know he was the father of her child. Marvin Frey -- Sibyl Frey's

father, who threatens Willie with a paternity suit. (He is being used by

MacMurfee.)

Cass Mastern -- The brother of Jack's grandmother. During the middle

of the nineteenth century, Cass had an afiair with Annabelle Trice, the

wife of his friend Duncan. After Duncan's suicide, Annabelle sold a slave,

Phebe; Cass tried to track down Phebe, but failed. He became an

abolitionist, but fought in the Confederate Army during the Civil War,

during which he was killed. Jack tries to use his papers as the basis of

his Ph.D. dissertation, but walked away from the project when he was unable

to understand Cass Mastern's motivations.

Gilbert Mastern -- Cass Mastern's wealthy brother.

Annabelle Trice -- Cass Mastern's lover, the wife of Duncan Trice.

When the slave Phebe brings her Duncan's wedding ring following his

suicide, Annabelle says that she cannot bear the way Phebe looked at her,

and sells her.

Duncan Trice -- Cass Mastern's hedonistic friend in Lexington,

Annabelle Trice's husband. When he learns that Cass has had an afiair with

Annabelle, Duncan takes off his wedding ring and shoots himself.

Phebe -- The slave who brings Annabelle Trice her husband's wedding

ring following his suicide. As a result, Annabelle sells her.

Summary

All the King's Men is the story of the rise and fall of a political titan

in the Deep South during the 1930s. Willie Stark rises from hardscrabble

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